Upper Mustang Motorbike Tour

Travel Guide

Mustang Region

Mustang “The forbidden kingdom” lies in Gandaki province in northern Nepal. Mustang is bordered by Tibetan plateau, and the tallest mountains like Annapurna and Dhaulagiri, including several other peaks above 7,000 meters are also situated here. Mustang, spread in an area of 3,573 sq. km, is one of the districts of Nepal, and the entire district is within Annapurna Conservation Area, which is the largest protected area of Nepal. Jomsom is the headquarter of Mustang. Mustang is known as the lost Kingdom of Tibet because in old time it used to belong to Tibetan Empire. Mustang trekking is possible in every season.

Climate, Flora and Fauna

The climate experienced in Mustang trekking is cool and semi-arid (dry but having slightly more rain than an arid region or climate). The average annual temperature of the region is about 10.9 °C during the day. Mustang lies in the rain shadow area of the Annapurna region. In this climate we find unique animals like; snow leopard, musk deer, and Tibetan gazelle. In this region we mostly find medical herbs. Above the elevation of 5000 meters, there are rhododendron anthopogon, potentilla biflora, and saxifraga. Above the elevation of 5800 meters, there is almost no vegetation because of extreme cold. Near the area of Jomsom, the forest covers end, and it is very limited in the Upper Mustang region, which falls in the Alpine climatic area.

Peaks

Dhaulagiri

Dhaulagiri, also known as the White Mountain, stands proudly at 8167 meters (26795 feet) and is the seventh highest peak in the world. Located in the Dhaulagiri mountain range of the Nepal Himalayas, this majestic peak is a renowned destination for high-altitude expeditions. Dhaulagiri lies northwest of the popular tourist hub of Pokhara, in the Gandaki Province. The mountain’s impressive ice fields, sheer faces, and dramatic ridges create a breathtaking spectacle. When Dhaulagiri I was first discovered in 1808, it was mistakenly believed to be the highest mountain peak in the world, a title it held for 30 years before being surpassed by Kanchenjunga. The first successful ascent of Dhaulagiri was accomplished on May 13, 1960, by a Swiss expedition led by Peter Diener, Kurt Diemberger, Albin Schelbert, Ernst Forrer, Nima Dorje Sherpa and Nawang Dorje Sherpa.

Tukuche Peak

Tukuche Peak is a notable mountain in the Dhaulagiri range of the Himalayas, located in Nepal. It stands at an elevation of 6920 meters (22703 feet) above sea level. The peak is part of the Dhaulagiri massif. Tukuche Peak is known for its striking appearance and challenging climbing routes. The area around Tukuche Peak is also renowned for its trekking routes, particularly the Annapurna Circuit, which passes through the region and provides access to the stunning landscapes and diverse cultures of the Himalayas. Tukuche Peak was first ascended on April 30, 1970, by a Japanese expedition that included Hirosuke Kikuchi, Eiho Otani, and Takao Yonemoto.

Nilgiri

The Nilgiri, a stunning mountain massif in Annapurna region, three prominent summits: Nilgiri North (7061 m / 23166 ft), Nilgiri Central (6940 m / 22769 ft), and Nilgiri South (6839 m / 22437 ft). Nilgiri’s striking appearance features a series of sharp ridges and steep, snow-covered slopes that contribute to its rugged and majestic profile. From its base, the peak offers breathtaking views of the surrounding Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges. The dramatic ice formations and pristine snow of Nilgiri create a stunning contrast against the deep blue sky, making it a captivating sight for mountaineers and adventurers. Nilgiri North was first successfully ascended on October 7, 1950, by a French expedition led by the renowned climber Lionel Terray. The team also included H. G. Van Lookeren Campagne, P. Van Lookeren Campagne, P. F. J. Van Lookeren Campagne, and Wangdi Sherpa. Nilgiri Central was first successfully ascended on October 8, 1978. The pioneering ascent was achieved by a Japanese expedition led by climbers Kohichi Sakata and Yasuo Tsuda. Nilgiri South was first successfully ascended on October 8, 1978, by a Japanese expedition. The pioneering team consisted of Kazuo Mitsui, Taichi Fujimatsu, Yoshiaki Kato, Nobuhito Morota, Seiji Tanaka, and Hideki Yoshida.

Tilicho Peak

Tilicho Peak, standing at 7134 meters (23406 feet), is a striking and majestic mountain located in the Annapurna massif of Nepal. It is renowned for its dramatic appearance and challenging climbing routes, making it a notable destination for experienced mountaineers. The mountain’s rugged, ice-covered slopes and dramatic ridges create a captivating sight, particularly at sunrise and sunset when the snow and ice catch the soft, golden light. The first ascent of Tilicho Peak was achieved in 1978 by French climber Emanuel Schmutz, who successfully reached the summit using the northwest shoulder.

Annapurna I

Annapurna I, standing majestically at 8091 meters (26545 feet), graces the Himalayas as one of the world’s most enchanting yet formidable peaks. Located in awe-inspiring Annapurna massif, it is the 10^th highest mountain on Earth and captivates climbers with both its breathtaking beauty and its daunting challenges. First conquered on June 3, 1950, by the intrepid French expedition led by Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal, Annapurna I hold a special place in mountaineering history. Their successful ascent was a pioneering feat, marking the first time anyone had reached the summit of an 8,000 – meter peak. The mountain’s allure is undeniable, with its snow-covered slopes and dramatic landscapes, yet it demands great respect. Its notorious conditions — frequent avalanches, fierce weather, and technical climbing challenges — make it a true test of endurance and skill. Climbers who are drawn to Annapurna I are lured by the promise of adventure and the chance to experience the mountain’s awe-inspiring splendor. Despite its dangers, the mountain’s grandeur continues to inspire and attract those seeking to push their limits and embrace the extraordinary.

Annapurna II

Annapurna II, with its impressive height of 7937 meters (26040 feet), is renowned for its stunning and dramatic appearance. The mountain features a strikingly steep and pyramidal shape, with its summit often shrouded in a veil of snow and ice. Its north face is particularly notable for its sheer, which rise almost vertically from the surrounding terrain. The peak’s rugged contours and the surrounding glaciers create a breathtaking visual contrast against the deep blue sky, enhancing its majestic allure. The mountain’s remote location and challenging ascent add to its enigmatic and awe-inspiring presence. The peak was first ascended in 1960 by a collaborative British, Indian, and Nepalese team led by J. O. M. Roberts. They reached the summit via the West Ridge, after scaling the North Face of Annapurna IV. The summit party included Richard Grant, Chris Bonington, and Ang Nyima Sherpa.

Annapurna III

Annapurna III, standing at 7555 meters (24787 feet), presents a visually dramatic profile with its steep, formidable slopes and sharp ridges. The mountain’s appearance is characterized by its rugged and almost cathedral-like south face, which rises steeply and is often adorned with snow and ice formations. The peak is encircled by a ring of sharp pinnacles and cliffs, giving it a particularly imposing and majestic look. The interplay of light and shadow on its icy surfaces creates a dynamic and ever-changing appearance, making Annapurna III a captivating sight for those who view it from afar or approach its base. It was first ascended on May 6, 1961, by an Indian expedition led by Captain Mohan Singh Kohli. They reached the summit via the Northeast Face. The successful summit team included Mohan Singh Kohli, Sonam Gyatso, and Sonam Girmi.

Annapurna IV

Annapurna IV, at 7525 meters (24688 feet), is distinguished by its elegant yet rugged silhouette. The peak features a series of sharp ridges and snowy slopes that contribute to its striking and somewhat less symmetrical form compared to its neighboring peaks. The mountain’s appearance is marked by its less prominent but still significant snow fields and ice-covered faces, which blend harmoniously with the surrounding terrain. Annapurna IV’s remote and isolated position within the Annapurna massif adds to its allure, offering a serene and somewhat mysterious aspect that stands out amidst the grand Himalayas. It was first climbed in 1955 by a German expedition led by Heinz Steinmetz, who reached the summit via the North Face and Northwest Ridge. The successful summit team included Steinmetz, Harald Biller, and Jurgen Wellenkamp.

Annapurna South

Annapurna South, rising to 7219 meters (23684 feet), is known for its majestic and sweeping southern face. The peak exhibits a classic Himalayan profile with broad, snow-covered slopes that gently curve from the summit downwards, creating a more rounded appearance compared to some of its steeper neighbors. The mountain is often shrouded in a halo of clouds and mist, enhancing its ethereal and grand visual appeal. The striking contrasts between the snow and the rocky outcrops, combined with the expansive views it offers, contribute to Annapurna South’s allure as a breathtaking and iconic feature of the Annapurna massif. The peak was first successfully ascended on October 15, 1964, by Japanese climber Shioichiro Uyeo and Nepali climber Mingma Tsering Sherpa.

Yakawa Kang

Yakawa Kang (6482 m / 21266 ft) the nearest peak from Muktinath. It is also the pass way to upper Mustang. Yakwakang peak gives stunning view of Mt. Dhaulagiri and Mt. Annapurna. The peak was first climbed on November 7, 2010, by a team consisting of Hidenobu Tsuji, Dawa Norbu Sherpa, Dawa Tshering Sherpa, and Tshering Tashi Sherpa.

Places

Pokhara

Pokhara stands as one of Nepal’s most enchanting tourist destinations, offering a perfect blend of natural beauty, adventure, and relaxation. Nestled at an elevation of approximately 820 meters (2690 feet) beside the serene Phewa Lake, Pokhara captivates visitors with its stunning vistas and tranquil ambiance. The lake’s calm waters reflect the majestic peaks of the Annapurna and Machapuchare ranges, creating a picturesque setting that enchants travelers from sunrise to sunset. The city is renowned for its diverse range of attractions and activities. Adventure seekers can embark on thrilling paragliding flights that offer a bird’s-eye view of the breathtaking landscapes, or explore the nearby hills and trails, such as the famous Sarangkot and World Peace Pagoda. For those seeking relaxation, Pokhara’s lakeside promenade is perfect for leisurely strolls, boat rides, and unwinding with stunning mountain views. Pokhara also boasts a vibrant cultural scene, with lively markets, traditional restaurants, and a variety of local crafts and souvenirs. The city’s warm hospitality and friendly atmosphere make it a welcoming haven for travelers. Whether you’re drawn by the allure of adventure, the beauty of nature, or the charm of local culture, Pokhara offers a unique and unforgettable experience that caters to every type of traveler.

Kagbeni

Kagbeni, a historic village frozen in time, is a captivating stop on the journey through Mustang. Located at 2800 meters (9186 feet), this ancient settlement exudes a timeless charm with its narrow alleys, traditional adobe houses, and ancient monasteries. The village, set against a backdrop of rugged, wind-swept landscapes and towering cliffs, offers an evocative glimpse into the region’s rich cultural heritage. Kagbeni’s serene beauty and historical significance create a sense of wonder and tranquility, making it a treasured destination for those seeking to experience the mystical allure of Mustang. Kagbeni is the northernmost village in this region that foreigners may visit on a normal trekking permit. The police check post at the northern end of the village fastidiously prevents tourists from proceeding towards Lo-Manthang, the walled city of Mustang without proper documentation. A green oasis at the junction of Jhong Khola and Kali Gandaki River, Kagbeni looks like a town out of the medieval past, with closely packed mud houses, dark tunnels and alleyways, imposing chortens and a large, ochre-colored gompa perched above the town.

Jomsom

Jomsom is a charming high-altitude town that serves as a gateway to the Mustang region, offering a unique blend of rugged mountain beauty and traditional Tibetan culture. Located at 2720 meters (8924 feet), Jomsom is renowned for its clear, crisp air and expansive views of the Dhaulagiri and Annapurna ranges. Jomsom serves as the centre for Mustang valley. It lies on the banks of the Kali Gandaki River. The town’s serene environment, with its sun-drenched terraces and traditional stone houses, provides a peaceful haven for travelers. Jomsom is a place where the ancient and the timeless converge, offering a glimpse into the enduring spirit of the Himalayas. There is an airstrip with scheduled service to Kathmandu. The increase in the frequency of flights has brought more tourists to this area. Jomsom has a bank, post office, telecom office, a hospital and numerous hotels and lodges. The place is a popular stopover during Annapurna Circuit Trek. It is mainly occupied by the native Thakali people. Maximum people start their Upper Mustang trek to Lo Manthang from Jomsom. There are a monastery and a museum in Jomsom. Mountain Biking is famous as a daily activity for tourist in Jomsom.

Lo-Manthang

Lo Manthang served as the capital of the Mustang Kingdom from around the 14th century, strategically overseeing the salt trade route connecting Tibet, Nepal, and India from within its protective walls. By the 18^th century, as the nation of Nepal emerged, Lo Manthang became increasingly isolated. This isolation allowed Lo Manthang and its surrounding regions to preserve their unique culture, traditions, and religion. The kingdom had its own monarch until 2008, when the Nepalese monarchy was abolished and the reign of the Lo King came to an end. Lo Manthang offers plenty to explore. Visitors can tour the palace with its courtyards and temples, and explore numerous monasteries and gompas. The ancient earthen walls, with their four impressive gates, can be walked to gain insight into historical life in the town.

Jhampa Lhakang Gumba

Jhampa Lhakang is the oldest, dating back to 1387 during King Amapal’s reign. Designed by Ngorchen Kunga Zangpo, who also founded the gumbas in Geling and Tsarang, Jhampa Lhakang is renowned for its 1,000 hand-painted Yogatantric mandalas and a towering gilded clay statue of Maitreya (Future Buddha). Although the ground floor is undergoing restoration, you can visit the accessible second floor and the third-floor sanctum, which leads to a flat roof with excellent views of the city and the surrounding landscape.

Thupchen Gumba

Thupchen Gumba, established in 1412 by King Chang Chen Tashi Gon, grandson of Amapal. This gumba is perhaps the most impressive, entered through an entrance hall guarded by baroque statues of the four Lokapala. Inside, the main prayer hall features ornate statues of Shakyamuni, Avalokiteshwara, Manjushri, and Padmasambhava on the western wall, and Vajradhara, White Tara, Amitaya, and Hayagriva on a lower row. The walls are adorned with large frescoes of Buddhist deities and hundreds of minor figures. The northern antechamber, currently under renovation, was likely dedicated to the protector Mahakali.

Chhode Gumba

Chhoede Gumba, the primary religious center of Lo Manthang, is often guarded by fierce Tibetan mastiffs. It was established in 1757 and features a main prayer hall with numerous bronze, brass, and copper statues, as well as a sacred thanka depicting Mahakala and Dorje Sonnu. Photography of these statues is prohibited to prevent theft. Adjacent to the gumba, a large prayer wheel is said to drive away bad dreams if spun three times. Also worth visiting is the nearby monastic school, where students and teachers welcome visitors and showcase their language skills. Across from the school, a new prayer hall is used by monks to prepare for festival dances.

Jong Cave

The sky caves of Mustang remained largely unknown to outsiders until 1990, and they remain a captivating mystery. Despite being man-made and featuring 40 chambers within Jong Cave, accessed via ladders, the exact reasons for their creation are still unclear. Historically, sky caves around the world were often used for burial purposes. Inside these caves, bones dating from the 3^rd to 8^th centuries have been discovered, suggesting they might have been part of a sky burial practice. Alternatively, it is also thought that the caves may have been used during historical conflicts between Mustang and Tibet. Regardless of their original purpose, these caves are a fascinating site to explore.

Lo Ghekar

Lo Ghekar is a significant monastery in the Lo Tsho Dun region, being the sole monastery shared by the Nyingmapa sect in the area. It was originally constructed by Amapal, who also built the nearby Tsarang palace and monastery after the region was subdued by Padmasambhava. Renovated by King Don Grub R-Dorje between 1580 and 1594 AD, the monastery features Chortens at each of its four corners, with an additional 108 Chortens in the vicinity, some of which have been restored. The main entrance is adorned with Chaturmaharaja paintings. Inside, the Dukhang consists of an older inner section and a later outer section, with slate carvings displayed in the latter. The upper storey houses sculptures of Padmasambhava, Lama, and Mahankal. The Mani Lhakhang room contains a Mani-Padma Lokeshwor sculpture, a gift from Queen Nyizla in the 17^th century.

Charang Palace

Built by Aham Don Grub Rdorje during his reign from 1580 to 1594 AD, Charang Palace may have been an extension or renovation of an existing structure. The palace, a five-storey building constructed from mud, stone, and wood, stands as a testament to its historical grandeur. The main entrance faces south and features an interesting stone said to originate from Jumla. The first floor includes a toilet, rooms, and a Chorten, while the second floor houses weapons, sculptures of Maitreya, Tara, and Lokeshwor, and various artifacts including gold-plated Chorten and copper items. The third and fourth floors contain only rooms. However, the eastern sections of the palace have now fallen into ruin.

Charang Monastery

Founded by Amapal, the first independent king, Charang Monastery was established in the old headquarters of Lo, Charang, which has been a prominent religious and educational center since its independence. The current structure, built in the 16th century by Bsum Grub Rdorje, is a three-storey building made of mud, stone, and wood. Ani Gumba, another site in Charang, is now abandoned but contains some of the oldest paintings in the area, which urgently need restoration and conservation.

Mandala Cave

Located in Choser, the Mandala Cave is positioned north of Nyiphu Monastery. It features four ruined Chortens and a ceiling adorned with 16 mandalas, the largest of which is 7’3″ in diameter. Although figural paintings on the cave’s walls are now hard to identify, Tibetan script and a Buddha painting remain.

Phodaling Cave (Goije Phu)

The Phodaling Cave, situated in Goije Tha village, is renowned for its 70 paintings, including a notable panel of 56 arranged in three rows depicting palm trees, monkeys, and unusual motifs. Some paintings resemble those found in the Ajanta Caves, and the cave contains important murals and Tibetan inscriptions.

Chukumau Dhakpu Cave

Located in Chu Kumarapo village, the Chukumau Dhakpu Cave is a three-storey cave where manuscript folios with gold letters, a Tibetan-script stone, and a mud-and-cloth Buddha head were discovered.

Shaka Phu Cave

Across the Nyanol River from Nyanol village, the Shaka Phu Cave has become inaccessible since our visit. It features a damaged Kabung and paintings of the Buddha, a monk, and Vajrasattva.

Marchung Cave

Situated near a hot spring and the Samjung River, the Marchung Cave is divided into four storeys and contains wall paintings of Yamāntaka and Vajrayoginīs. It also holds Tibetan-script folios and pottery shards.

Tashe Kabung

On the trail from Yara village to Luri, the Tashe Kabung is a ruined Chorten on a cliffside. Despite severe damage, it displays an octagonal socle with auspicious symbols and Tibetan inscriptions. The cave’s western wall has paintings of Khadcheri and a monk.

Luri Cave

Located in Ghara village, the Luri Cave is notable for its well-preserved 13th-14th century paintings. It features a Chorten with auspicious symbols, and the dome displays images of Namgyal, Khadcheri, Vajrasattva, and Lokeśvara. The cave’s walls showcase various Buddhist figures and mandalas.

Tangya Kabung

Tangya village is known for its chörtens and caves. A well-preserved Kabung found nearby contains no paintings but features a Ranjana inscription.

Charang Cave

Charang, an important historical site, has caves to the north and east. The latter cave, with 33 chambers, contains no artifacts but features some swastika paintings.

Dhakmar Cave

The Dhakmar Cave, located in Ghami, is named for its reddish cliff color, associated with a legend involving Padmasambhava. The cave has no inscriptions or paintings, but a wood sample was collected for study.

Chili Phu

Also known as Ghami caves, Chili Phu consists of eight-storey caves with numerous chambers, featuring rope impressions and monastery sketches.

Tama Gaon Cave

West of Tama Gaon, the Tama Gaon Cave is marked by a stone plinth and red pigment at its entrance. It has multiple levels and includes sketches of a Chorten and Ranjana inscriptions.

Kabung Nar Gonpa Kang

Gonpa Kang monastery, located in Chhusang, is a key regional monastery. A nearby Kabung, found 30 minutes from the monastery, is in ruin but contains five notable paintings of female deities.

People

Loba People

The Loba people are native to Lo Manthang and are regarded as the original inhabitants of Mustang. In the Lo Manthang region, Loba communities are often ethnically categorized as Bhote. Historically, the Loba have been farmers, shepherds, and traders in the high Himalayan areas. Their traditional homes are built from stone, featuring stone-slab roofs that are remarkably uniform and smooth. The architecture of these homes and decorative structures reflects their cultural heritage and is still visually striking today. The traditional construction and colors of these houses provide a glimpse into Loba culture. Interestingly, the architectural style in Mustang may hint at a historical feudal system. For example, three-story houses were typically built by feudal lords, while common people, especially those of lower social status, were limited to single-story homes within compounds. This social stratification is particularly evident in Upper Mustang’s housing structures.

Thakali

The Thakali people, hailing from the Thak Khola region in Mustang, Nepal, are a distinctive cultural and linguistic group. Despite centuries of external influence, they have retained many of their unique traditions. Their language, cuisine, and trading history set them apart in the Himalayan region. They are classified as part of the mountain nationalities in Nepal. The Thakali are believed to be descendants of the ancient Newari kingdom of Kathmandu, though some also claim lineage from the Thakuri prince of Jumla. Their culture is a blend of Tibetan and Hindu influences, reflected in their spiritual practices, traditional arts, and various dialects. Thakali society is organized into four main clans—Gauchan, Tulachan, Sherchan, and Battachan—each with its own deities. Traditionally engaged in farming, animal husbandry, and trade, many Thakali have migrated to cities for work and are involved in various sectors, including tourism. Priests in the Thakali community, such as Dhong, Dongba, and Lama, play a crucial role in religious rituals and the preservation of cultural practices. Their traditional dress, which includes distinctive garments and ornaments, reflects their cultural heritage. The Thakali celebrate several unique festivals, including Toran La, which occurs around Holi and involves feasting, rituals, and honoring ancestors. Their cuisine, known for its distinct flavors, includes dishes like Dal, Bhaat, Tarkari, and traditional buckwheat-based foods, incorporating unique local ingredients.

Gurung

The Gurungs are an indigenous and ethnic group in Nepal. They belong to the Mongolian ethnic family, sharing linguistic and cultural traits with other Mongolian-descended groups in Nepal, such as the Magar and Sherpa. Gurungs are primarily settled in the Gandaki province. The Gurungs are believed to have migrated from regions between Tibet and China, moving through Mongolia and Lhasa before settling in Nepal’s Mustang and Manang areas by the 7^th century. Initially nomadic, they gradually established permanent settlements in the Gandaki region. Historically known as “Gyarong,” the Gurungs later became distinct from other local ethnic groups, with settlements and cultural practices that reflect their unique heritage. The Gurungs’ cultural and linguistic characteristics continue to be preserved in their traditional names and customs. They celebrate the Tola Lhosar festival, which is held on the 15^th of Poush in the Nepali calendar. In Gurung culture, the Barga or Lho system plays a central role in daily life and rituals. This system is used to determine auspicious times for various activities, including marriage, travel, and important life events such as birth and death. Gurungs use Lho to guide the timing of these events and to classify animals like rats, tigers, wolves, and others. Additionally, Lho helps in interpreting daily fortunes and misfortunes. Thus, Lho is not only a key aspect of the Gurung New Year’s celebration but also a fundamental element of their cultural and spiritual practices.

Festivals

Tiji

The Tiji Festival is a renowned annual celebration held in Lo Manthang, Upper Mustang. Spanning three days at the end of May according to the local calendar, this vibrant festival is a key event in Upper Mustang. The term “Tiji” is an abbreviation of “Tempa Chhirim,” which translates to “Pray for World Peace.” This festival, celebrated by the Tibetan Buddhist community in Lo Manthang, is known for its colorful and lively traditions.

The Tiji Festival, celebrated for over 300 years, commemorates the triumph of good over evil, drawing on the folk histories of Dorje Jono and Padmasambhava Guru Rinpoche, key figures in Tibetan Buddhism. Dorje Jono, also known as Vajrakila, is a revered deity in Vajrayana Buddhism. The festival is rooted in a legend where the deity Dorje Jono fought his demon father (Dorje Sonnu) to save the Mustang kingdom from destruction. His father, a malevolent figure, had caused severe water shortages and instilled fear in the region. Dorjo Jono defeated and banished him, and the Tiji Festival commemorates this victory, symbolizing peace and prosperity for the area. During Tiji, monks from Lo Manthang’s Choedhe Monastery, which belongs to the Sakya sect of Buddhism and is led by a Rimpoche, perform ritual dances. The monastery is home to about 65 monks from Lo Manthang, Nhenyul, and Chhosyer.

It features monks in elaborate costumes and masks dancing to the rhythms of drums, horns, and chanting. A highlight of the festival is the rare display of an ancient Thangka painting of Guru Rimpoche (Padmasambhava), visible to the public only during this event.

During the Tiji Festival, the primary dancer, known as Tsowa, undergoes a three-month retreat in preparation for the event. On the festival days, members of the Mustang royal family and villagers from all seven provinces of Upper Mustang (Lo Chhodun) gather to witness this sacred dance, which is accompanied by numerous rituals. In the Mustang dialect, the festival is called Tiji or Tenchi, and it is rooted in Tantra practices related to Vajrakumar/Vajrakila. The original name of this sacred dance is Tenpa Chirim, which translates to “the benefits of Buddha’s teachings and for all sentient beings.” It is believed that those who perform this dance receive the empowerment of Vajrakila.

On the first day of the festival, the monks perform the ‘Tso Chham’ dance, a vibrant portrayal of the demons that once plagued Mustang. This dynamic dance, filled with dramatic movements, chants, and the resounding clang of cymbals and horns, tells the story of Dorje Jono’s birth and his battle against these malevolent forces.

The second day features Dorje Jono in a dramatic ritual to expel the demons. This involves an intense display of dance, meditation, and sword-waving, all designed to drive away the evil spirits and ensure their departure from the region.

The third day marks the festival’s climax with the celebration of Dorje Jono’s victory. The ‘Rha Chham’ dance takes center stage, accompanied by lively festive music and swirling masked dances. A grand procession parades Dorje Jono to the town’s walls, symbolically driving out the demons. The festival concludes with a jubilant bonfire, celebrating the triumphs of Dorje Jono, the villagers, and the visitors who have joined in the festivities.

Tiji attracts numerous international travelers to Nepal each year, drawn by its unique and spectacular celebrations. Held in the ancient, remote kingdom of Lo Manthang, the festival has been preserved by the local Tibetan Buddhist community despite the rapid changes of the modern world. The Tiji Festival is celebrated at the start of the harvest season, maintaining its traditional significance. Taking place every May (with dates varying by the lunar calendar), this three-day festival marks the victory of good over evil.

Yartung Festival

The Yartung Festival in Upper Mustang, Nepal, is a vibrant celebration held annually over three days in August. The festival unfolds with distinct activities for each day: the first day is dedicated to events involving the (ex) King, the second day focuses on rituals performed by monks, and the third day is a community celebration filled with a variety of activities. The centerpiece of Yartung is the exhilarating horse racing event, which garners significant attention. In addition to the races, the festival atmosphere is lively with locals engaging in singing, dancing, and festive drinking.

Traditional Archery Festival

Archery is another popular event in Upper Mustang, featured in various festivals such as Tiji and Yartung, as well as other occasional celebrations. This festival is especially significant during the spring, symbolizing the welcoming of new life and the hope for a prosperous year.

Festivals at Ghar Gumba and Luri Gumba

These ancient monasteries are visited twice a year by locals for seasonal pujas. These worship ceremonies are dedicated to ensuring good weather, health, peace, and prosperity within the community. The gatherings for these festivals foster unity and communal celebration.

Lhosar

In Upper Mustang, the Tibetan New Year, known as Lhosar, is celebrated twice, with the festivals of Chhegu Emma and Chhegu Semma. Both festivals span three days, marked by visits to relatives, social gatherings, parties, and dancing. These celebrations highlight the rich cultural traditions of the Mustang people.

Duk Chu 

Duk Chu is a festival of highlanders where monks perform and play ‘Nha’ or hand-drum. In this festival, monks dance and pray for a prosperous next year in Lo Manthang.  It is celebrated on the month of November and December.

Saka Lugka

It is also one of the main festivals of Mustang’s inhabitants.  Saka Lugka is celebrated on the month of February and March. Saka Lugka means “Rise for timely rains and a good harvest”.