Kathmandu
Kathmandu
3 Course Meals (B, L, D)
Moderate
4160 m / 13648 ft
Trekking and Cultural Immersion
16 Days
100.6 km (62.51 miles)
Unique Desert-Like Landscapes, Ancient Caves, Monasteries
Hidden Kingdom of Lo Manthang
Upper Mustang Circuit Trek is a trek that takes you along the Kali Gandaki Valley to the ancient Himalayan Kingdom of Mustang.
The word ‘Mustang’ conjures up ideas of remoteness and seclusion, a region lost amongst the mountains. This was an independent country until it was closely consolidated into Nepal just a few decades ago. The region of Mustang lies north of the main Himalayan range in the area known as the Trans-Himalaya. A vast, dry and arid high valley, it has a barren desert-like appearance similar to the Tibetan Plateau and is characterized by eroded canyons and colorful stratified rock formations. It was once an important route for crossing the Himalaya between Tibet and Nepal, and many of the old salt caravans passed through Mustang.
Known to its inhabitants as Lo, Mustang was only opened to trekkers in March 1992, and you will be part of a small, privileged minority to visit this remote outpost of Nepal. The capital of the Mustang district is actually Jomsom but the Tibetan influenced area, north of Kagbeni is known as Upper Mustang. It is the area which we will explore fully, discovering the wonders of the architecture, language, culture and traditions which are almost purely Tibetan in this once-upon-a-time mystical kingdom.
The kingdom of Mustang lies in the rain shadow formed by the Annapurna & Nilgiri Himalayas. And thus gets very little rain which fortunately, makes the area ideal for trekking even in the mid monsoon while the other areas of Nepal remain unsuitable for trekking due to heavy monsoon rains. The Trek to this mystique kingdom which requires a special permit that begins at the airstrip of Jomsom after flying up early from Pokhara. Mustang Trek is rather easy as most of the route goes along the bank of Kali Gandaki River and eventually leads you to Lo Manthang, the capital of Mustang at 3840 meters (12598 feet), which is the highest point on this trip.
Fascinating areas, culturally and historically picturesque villages, monasteries, unique landscapes with easy access and very few trekkers going to this area are the major highlights of Upper Mustang Circuit Trek. This is among the very few adventure trips in Nepal which can be done throughout the year.
It’s a panoramic thrill flying into Kathmandu on a clear day. The views of snow-capped mountain peaks sprawling down below you are almost ecstatic, beginning a whole chain of memorable experiences that stay with you for a long, long time. As your plane lands at Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu, our waiting support team will meet and greet you at the arrivals and escort you to your hotel. At the hotel you will be briefed about your daily activities.
Kathmandu is the historical and cultural heart of Nepal and has been a popular destination for tourists ever since Nepal opened its doors to visitors. The city presents a wonderful mix of Hinduism, Tibetan Buddhism and Western influence. There will be a guided tour to UNESCO World Heritage Sites Boudhnath, the largest Buddhist stupa in Nepal and after that to Pashupatinath, the most popular Hindu shrine dedicated to Lord Shiva. You take a tour to Patan also called as Lalitpur (the City of Artisans), which is 5 km away from Kathmandu. You will walk through Patan Durbar Square and delight in the architectural wonders of Malla era. Mahaboudha Temple, Kumbeshwor Temple, Krishna Temple and Golden Temple are the major attractions at the square.
Today you’ll set off on a scenic drive to Pokhara in a private vehicle, starting early to make the most of the journey. Spanning 210 kilometers, the route takes you along a winding, picturesque highway. You’ll begin on the Tribhuvan Highway from Kathmandu to Naubise and then smoothly transition onto the Prithvi Highway, which leads directly to Pokhara. As you travel, you’ll be enchanted by the shimmering Trishuli and Marshyangdi Rivers, their waters sparkling in the sunlight. The terraced hill settlements, with their lush greenery and charming houses, will unfold before you, while on clear days, the majestic mountain peaks will provide a stunning backdrop. Each turn of the road offers a new, breathtaking view, turning your drive into a memorable experience filled with the beauty of nature
We take a spectacular early morning flight to Jomsom (2720 m / 8924 ft), famous for its apples, where we meet our trek crew at a tiny airstrip. After some initial preparation of loads, we begin our trek to the pretty village of Kagbeni (2800 m / 9186 ft). Just out of Jomsom we cross a small suspension bridge and then walk along the riverbank of the Kali Gandaki. The trail is flat and quite barren, with craggy rocks and sand littering the trail. This makes it very easy going. We will get magnificent views of huge peaks such as Dhaulagiri (8167 m / 26795 ft), Tukuche (6920 m / 22703) and Nilgiri range, whilst to the south can be seen the entire Annapurna massif. Kagbeni with its narrow alleyways and tunnels, irrigation canals, fields of wheat and barley and a large red Gumba, give us a preview of scenes that we would come across in Upper Mustang. At the north end of the village is the police check-post. Here we will complete our paperwork before entering this long-forbidden region of Nepal.
From Kagbeni, the trail follows the road along the east bank of the Kali Gandaki, often crossing loose rocky slopes where you might spot ammonites. The valley narrows, revealing a large cliff face adorned with ancient cave dwellings before widening again at the village of Tangbe (3060 m / 10039 ft. The route then traverses a moonscape-like terrain to Chhusang (2980 m / 9777 ft). If time permits, you might ask a local to guide you to a nearby cave gumba dedicated to White Tara (Buddha of Success and Achievement), a 10-minute walk from the village. The area also features striking rock formations and meditation caves along the west bank of the Kali Gandaki. Chhusang is bordered by a broad river, which can be challenging to cross after heavy rain. The valley ends abruptly at a narrow canyon with additional meditation cliffs above, leading to a metal bridge that crosses to Chele (3050 m / 10007 ft) on the right bank of the Kali Gandaki. Chele offers a few teahouses and good views back down the valley, with distant peaks like Nilgiri and Tilicho in sight. The trail ascends through Chele and then follows the road until a sharp bend. Instead of crossing the bridge to Ghyakar, stay on the track that has been carved from a massive cliff face, leading to a grassy basin and the Dajori La (3735 m / 12254 ft) pass. From here, you’ll see views down to the Samarkyung Khola. Continue following the road to Samar (3660 m / 12008 ft), a charming village surrounded by poplar trees, tall chatta poles, and terraces used for millet cultivation.
From Samar to Syangboche, there are two routes: the road route via Bhena (3860 m / 12664 ft), which is less scenic, and the trekking route through Chungsi Cave (3896 m / 12782 ft). You will follow the trekking route as described here. Start by following the road through the village center to an old kagni, where the trail quickly descends into an eroded watercourse and then climbs a steep trail on the opposite bank. Traverse a flat grassy area past an old stupa before crossing another eroded watercourse via a switchback trail. At the top, take the right fork that ascends a ridgeline marked with prayer flags, known as Chorate (3842 m / 12605 ft). The trail descends through switchbacks into a steep valley before leveling out as it crosses loose hillside terrain. Continue down to a small river, where you can cross and perhaps cool your feet. Ascend the narrow tributary valley to the left and climb steps to reach Chungsi Cave (3896 m / 12782 ft), which houses the Ranchung Chorten. This chorten, meaning ‘the chhorten that built itself’, is believed to have miraculously appeared. The cave features a large natural pillar that supports the temple roof, and locals worship this pillar as a chhorten. From the entrance, move to the left of the pillar and climb a few steps into a dark passage behind the pillar, where you’ll find numerous carvings, primarily of Padmasambhava and Atisa. Although these figures are associated with Tibetan Buddhism, the cave likely held religious significance long before Buddhism arrived in Mustang, possibly serving as a site for animist rituals. Return to the river junction, but instead of descending to the river, turn left and start ascending the Syangboche Khola valley. Follow the clear trail up the valley to Syangboche (3800 m / 12467 ft). From Syangboche, the trail climbs to a Syangboche La (3850 m / 12631 ft) before descending gently to a fork marked by a painted cairn. Turn right at the cairn and descend to a broad, flat-bottomed valley leading to the village of Geling (3570 m / 11713 ft), also called Ghiling. Geling features two Ngor-pa sect gumbas, which date back to the 15th century and were founded by Ngorchen Kunga Zangpo. The main gumba is dedicated to Maitreya (the Future Buddha) and contains frescoes of the thousand Buddhas of Bhadrakalpa. The smaller gumba, the Gonkhang, is situated high on the rocks above the village and is a sacred site for the village spirit-protectors. It is a powerful shrine, and the resident lama might refrain from revealing the fierce deities to avoid angering them.
From Geling, you have two trail options to reach Ghemi and then Tsarang. The faster route involves climbing a steep hillside above the gumbas, then heading north through a shallow valley to a pass at 4025 m (13205 feet), where you can enjoy excellent views back towards the Annapurnas. From the pass, descend to the main road and continue on to Ghemi (3510 m / 11516 ft). Alternatively, you can take a slower but easier route by following a more gradual climb up the Geling valley to Nyi La (4020 m / 13189 ft), which also offers impressive views. After reaching the pass, descend more slowly to Ghemi (3510 m / 11516 ft). From Ghemi, you again have two options for reaching Tsarang. The road route involves crossing Tsarang La (3870 m / 12697 ft), which brings you directly to Tsarang (3560 m / 11680 ft), also called Charang. This route is faster but can be dusty. For a more scenic trek, follow the trail to Dhakmar (3820 m / 12533 ft). Before reaching the village, you’ll encounter a junction with two trails that ascend through striking, multi-colored cliffs. These trails merge onto a broad plateau above the cliffs (4000 m / 13123 ft), from which you can follow a gentle descent to Tsarang (3560 m / 11680 ft). Charang, the old capital of Mustang, features a large gumba and library with impressive frescoes and statues similar to those found in Geling.
From Tsarang, the trail descends into the Tsarang Khola ravine. Cross the bridge and climb up the far bank to reach the dirt road. Follow this road passing a large stupa, until you reach a broad plateau. You can also see more cave dwellings in the cliff-face above. Continue along the road to Lo La (3950 m / 12959 ft), also called as Day La, which offers great views of Lo Manthang (3840 m / 12598 ft) and northern Mustang. From Lo La, it’s an easy descent to the ancient walled capital of Lo Manthang, situated on the ‘Plain of Aspiration’. The main gateway to this 600-year-old city is reserved for the (ex-) King of Mustang; everyone else must enter on foot. Lo Manthang is a fascinating place, with about 150 homes connected by narrow, winding alleyways. The flat roofs of the homes are used for drying crops during the day, and at night, young couples often use them to move from roof to roof. Established as the capital by Raja Amapal in the 1380s, the people of Lo Manthang avoid building outside the city walls, fearing that bad spirits might bring misfortune to their homes. Local lamas, who bless the city walls during festivals, help to perpetuate these beliefs. The former Raja, Lo Gyelbu (Jigme Dorje Palbar Bista), holds a primarily ceremonial role but is highly respected throughout his kingdom. He is known to keep some of the finest horses, Lhasa Apsos, and formidable Tibetan mastiffs in Mustang. His palace, a grand four-story structure in the city’s center, is complemented by his wife, the Rani, who comes from an aristocratic family in Lhasa.
Spend the day exploring Lo Manthang and its fascinating gompas. The town itself is intriguing, but the three major gumbas — Jhampa, Thupchen, and Chhoede — are the main highlights, each recently restored with expert care. Jhampa Lhakang is the oldest, dating back to 1387 during King Amapal’s reign. Designed by Ngorchen Kunga Zangpo, who also founded the gumbas in Geling and Tsarang, Jhampa Lhakang is renowned for its 1,000 hand-painted Yogatantric mandalas and a towering gilded clay statue of Maitreya (Future Buddha). Although the ground floor is undergoing restoration, you can visit the accessible second floor and the third-floor sanctum, which leads to a flat roof with excellent views of the city and the surrounding landscape. Next, visit Thupchen Gumba, established in 1412 by King Chang Chen Tashi Gon, grandson of Amapal. This gumba is perhaps the most impressive, entered through an entrance hall guarded by baroque statues of the four Lokapala. Inside, the main prayer hall features ornate statues of Shakyamuni, Avalokiteshwara, Manjushri, and Padmasambhava on the western wall, and Vajradhara, White Tara, Amitaya, and Hayagriva on a lower row. The walls are adorned with large frescoes of Buddhist deities and hundreds of minor figures. The northern antechamber, currently under renovation, was likely dedicated to the protector Mahakali. The final gumba to explore is Chhoede, the primary religious center of Lo Manthang, which is often guarded by fierce Tibetan mastiffs. It was established in 1757 and features a main prayer hall with numerous bronze, brass, and copper statues, as well as a sacred thanka depicting Mahakala and Dorje Sonnu. Photography of these statues is prohibited to prevent theft. Adjacent to the gumba, a large prayer wheel is said to drive away bad dreams if spun three times. Also worth visiting is the nearby monastic school, where students and teachers welcome visitors and showcase their language skills. Across from the school, a new prayer hall is used by monks to prepare for festival dances. If your visit coincides with the Tiji festival, you’re in for a vibrant experience. This three-day celebration, also known as ‘The Chasing of the Demons,’ centers on the myth of Dorje Jono, who battles his demon father, Dorje Sonnu, to save Mustang from disaster. The demon's actions caused water shortages, leading to famine and other crises. Dorje Jono’s victory restores harmony and water abundance, celebrated with intricate mask dances, fireworks, and musket firing. The festival includes evening cultural programs with dance and singing, marking the transition from the dry season to the monsoon. Tiji is a lively, vivid celebration and a significant event for the people of Mustang, who dress in their finest and enjoy the festivities.
Depart Lo Manthang heading south on the main road, passing Lo La (3950 m / 12959 ft), also called as Day La. After descending a short distance, follow an obvious trail branching left from the road into a shallow valley. This trail begins a long, gradual climb up Udi Danda, offering excellent views of Mustang along the way. After reaching the Dhi La pass (3950 m / 12595 ft), if the weather permits, enjoy views of the distant Dhaulagiri. The descent to Dhi (3390 m / 11122 ft) takes you on a loose and sometimes steep trail, but teahouses in the village offer a welcome break for lunch. Cross the bridge at the northern edge of Dhi over the Mustang Khola, then, turn right into the Puyung Khola valley. The trail soon reconnects with a road, leading you to Yara (3650 m / 11975 ft). From Yara, you have two options to reach Luri Cave Gumba (3880 m / 12730 ft). The more scenic route follows the Puyung Khola valley, while a longer but easier trail goes via Ghara (3920 m / 12861 ft). Most groups prefer a circular route returning via Ghara, which is described here. The trail from Yara ascends an open hillside before entering the steep-sided gorge of the Puyung Khola. The trail crosses the river multiple times, so be cautious after rain. After that you will reach the first cave gumba, Tashi Kabum Gumba, although access may be challenging due to earthquake damage, and the condition inside may be uncertain. Continuing the valley opens up. Turn left and ascend to a constructed gumba beneath steep, eroded cliffs. Ask at this gumba for the caretaker or key holder, as the Luri Cave Gumba is often locked. A short climb leads you to the Luri Cave Gumba (3880 m / 12730 ft). Although the gumba requires some repairs after the earthquake, the main statues and chorten are in good condition. The gumba, predating the main gumbas in Lo Manthang by about 100 years, provides a valuable glimpse into early Buddhist art before the Tibetan style became predominant. From the constructed gumba, take the road to Ghara (3920 m / 12861 ft), enjoying distant views of Dhaulagiri. The descent from Ghara back to in Yara, completing your day’s journey.
From Yara, start with a short, steep climb for the first few minutes. The gradient then levels off as you traverse a barren hillside. You’ll encounter a brief flat section before descending steeply down an eroded cliff to a stony riverbed. Cairns mark the trail, which will help you find the crossing point. If the stepping stones are submerged, you may need to wade through ankle-deep water. The river crossing is usually where you can spot the road on the opposite bank. Shortly beyond this, you’ll find a couple of local teahouses (3450 m / 11319 ft). From here, you face a long uphill climb to a minor pass at approximately 3920 meters (12861 feet). Descend into a shallow valley and continue with a gradual descent to a plateau above Tangge (3240 m / 10630 ft). The descent includes a brief, steep section through eroded cliffs before easing into a more gradual downhill walk to the picturesque village of Tangge (3240 m / 10630 ft).
Today’s journey is lengthy, so start early to make the most of the day and enjoy the stunning views. Begin by crossing the bridge beyond Tangge and turning right onto a trail that winds around the hillside to another bridge over the Yak Khola. The trail then ascends steeply at first, eases, and steepens again as you climb to Pa La (4160 m / 13648 ft). After a brief descent, the trail meanders around scrubby hillsides, reaching a potential campsite at Pa (4080 m / 13386 ft). Note that it is the last reliable water source before Tetang (3040 m / 9974 ft). The next section is one of Mustang’s most scenic, offering breathtaking views. The trail traverses barren hillsides and provides vistas of northern Mustang. While some parts are steep and narrow, they remain manageable without being overly exposed. After a few hours, you’ll follow the prominent ridge of Siyarko Tangk Danda, where you’ll see Tilicho and Nilgiri to the south, and distant views of Dhaulagiri and the surrounding regions. The descent is steep and loose for about 300 meters before easing into a trail junction at 3170 meters (12172 feet). The left trail heads to Tetang (3040 m / 9974 ft), which descends through eroded cliffs, while the right trail leads to Chhusang (2980 m / 9777 ft), offering an easier path, though you’ll need to walk along the road into the village.
Many trekkers opt for a jeep ride from Chhusang to Kagbeni and Jomsom instead of making the final trek to Muktinath. However, if you’re up for a rewarding climb, the views from Gyu La are exceptional on a clear day. For those starting from Chhusang, add an extra 30 minutes to reach Tetang, which is accessible by road. From Tetang, the trail begins with a steady ascent behind the village, crossing a plateau. Head towards the deep valley on the other side of the plateau. The climb is continuous and becomes steeper as you veer right (south) toward Gyu La (4077 m / 13376 ft). If you’re still up for it, a short climb to a minor peak near the pass offers some of the finest Himalayan views. The descent to Muktinath (3760 m / 12336 ft) is relatively easy. Muktinath is a significant site with sacred pilgrimage spots for both Hindus and Buddhists. At this point, you join the Annapurna Circuit route via the Thorong La.
From Muktinath you take a jeep for Jomsom via Jharkot (3550 m / 11647 ft). From Jomsom, you take a spectacular early morning flight along the Kali Gandaki gorge to Pokhara.
You will take about half an hour flight to Kathmandu. During the flight you will get the mesmerizing views of Mt. Annapurna, Machhapuchhre, Manaslu and other mountain ranges. And after reaching Kathmandu you will be transferred to hotel.
Our support team will take you to the airport for your flight home. On the other hand, if you prefer to stay longer, you can go for short tours such as game drive at National parks, rafting, Tibet tours, mountain biking etc., please ask us.
For more information, please contact us at enquiry@explorehimalaya.com
TRIP GRADE: Moderate to (Grade 3)
This is a long Upper Mustang Circuit Trek that goes right into high mountain country and leading us to the renowned high mountain Kingdom of Lo Manthang. Physically quite tiring, it involves approx. 6-8 hours trekking along rocky ridges of high Himalayan peaks. No previous experience is required, you should be moderately fit, used to some regular exercise and enjoy walking in the high-altitude conditions.
TREKKING TYPES
Trekking in Nepal is categorized in three different types based on their way of organization (Camping Trek, Tea House Trek and GAP Trek). Annapurna Circuit Trek is organized in two ways (Tea House Trek and GAP Trek) due to the abundance of accommodation facilities available in the region.
Tea House Trek: This trek includes services like guide, food, accommodation in local Tea Houses and porters.
GAP Trek: This trek includes services like Guide (G), Accommodation (A) in the Tea Houses, and Porters (P). Food bills are to be paid directly by the client.
ACCOMMODATION
Trekking in Mustang region doesn’t need tremendous logistics in terms of accommodation as you will find plenty of clean and friendly lodges along the trail.
You often have to share rooms but you can also stay in single rooms where possible. Rooms are basic, normally just a bed with a pillow and blankets. A few have electric blanket, hot bags (luxury lodges) and all have a spacious dining room-lounge. We will accommodate you and your group in a comfortable local lodge each day. The Guide coordinates with the local lodge owners and a porter is sent ahead to book the required rooms for the group (rooms cannot always be booked in advance).
Please remember that some of them are very basic and a sense of adventure is necessary. It is cheaper to stay in lodge rather than organizing a camping trek.
FOOD
Lodge Trek: Meals are included in our price and are taken in lodges available along the trail. You can find a considerable variety of Nepali (rice, curry & lentil, momo, noodles, chapattis, etc.) and Western food (pizza, pasta, sandwich, chips, porridge, toast, pancake, soup, etc) as well as drinks (coffee, tea, milk, soft drinks, and beer). The Guide suggests you the best option as per the availability.
GAP Trek: You will have to make your own eating arrangements in the lodges available along the trail. Expect to spend around $ 25 – $ 30 a day for food. Guide, accommodation and porters are covered in the price.
WATER
You will be provided filtered water about 3 – 4 liters per person per day. The good thing about such water is it doesn’t smell chlorine. We normally use Sawyer Filters. However, you can also buy bottled water in tea houses. You can also bring water purification pills in case you want to drink water from local taps.
PERSONAL EXPENSES – MONEY TO TAKE ON TREK
Money requirement depends largely on type of trek style, duration and trekking region.
For a two-week Upper Mustang Circuit Trek, you can take about $ 200 – $ 300, more if you intend to get more table drinks (alcoholic/non-alcoholic beverages), snacks while walking (a few smaller shops are available along the trail in some areas), souvenirs, battery charge, internet, hot shower (available in some places) etc. We pay for your accommodation and meals at mountain hut (tea house) along the trail and bear all the expenses of staffs assigned by us. However, for extra bar bills, snacks, hot shower, battery charge, internet etc. you have to pay directly to lodge owner on the spot.
CHANGING MONEY
You can change money at a bank or the money exchange counter in cities like Kathmandu and Pokhara. Many Tourist class Hotels have money exchange facilities. For Trekking, there are banks and exchange counters at major Tourist hubs in Mustang regions like Jomsom. These days, there is availability of ATMs everywhere in Kathmandu, Pokhara and some major trekking hubs.
TIPS
Tips are appreciated by your support team after the completion of your trip. The amount depends on your budget and appreciation of their work. As a suggestion, we advise that you can allocate 5 – 10 % of the total tour cost as tips. It is recommended that you talk to the members and hand it over individually as per the hierarchy on the last day of the trek.
GROUP SIZE ON FIXED DEPARTURE
If you opt to join our ‘fixed departure trip’, you are likely to be joining people from different countries of any age group except minors. The size of group varies, minimum number of persons required to operate a trip is 2 and the maximum is 15 people.
For a Private Booking, any number size from 1 pax to 20 pax are acceptable and can be comfortably organized. We go for special planning for handling group size bigger than 20 pax.
GROUP LEADER AND CREW
All our trips are led by Government licensed local trekking guides. The guides have vast knowledge and have trekked the area multiple of times depending on the group size, the main guide will be accompanied by assistant guides.
We will also have a team of porters to carry your main gag. We provide 1 porter for 2 members, 15 kg allowance for each member.
COMMUNICATION
Communication during Upper Mustang Circuit Trek is not challenging but there are certain things to be considered. There are a plenty of telephone facilities in the Annapurna region. You can also use Ncell and NTC network (both for internet and mobile network) but they don’t work properly in some places as you go higher. Some Tea Houses / Lodges also provide Wi-Fi facilities. If it is crucial for you to keep in contact with your family or others, we can provide you a mobile satellite phone (rental charge on request).
FLIGHT / LAND TRANSFERS
The starting point of the Upper Mustang Circuit Trek is Jomsom, which is connected by a 20 minutes flight from Pokhara. On your return, you will drive from Muktinath to Jomsom and then you will fly from Jomsom to Pokhara. You can choose between flying and driving back from Pokhara to Kathmandu. We will arrange the transportation from your hotel to the airport (Kathmandu).
LUGGAGE WHILE TREKKING
During Upper Mustang Circuit Trek, your main luggage will be carried by porter. Please keep your luggage as light as possible around 12 kg to 15 kg for flight safety and porter welfare as per IPPG standard. You simply carry a day pack with water bottle, camera, sun-screen, spare jacket, etc. You can leave your valuable items at your hotel in Kathmandu while trekking. Many hotels have a locker system and provide a deposit slip for the valuables kept under the hotel’s safekeeping.
TYPICAL DAY ON TREK
A typical day while trekking in Nepal consists of about 6 – 8 hours of activity. Each morning after packing our bags and having a good breakfast, we set off on the day’s walk. After walking for 3 – 4 hours we stop for lunch at around midday. The afternoon’s walk is generally shorter and we usually arrive at our destination in time for afternoon tea. The remainder of the afternoon can be spent exploring the village, doing a bit of washing or simply relaxing with a good book. On some days, we will arrive at our destination by lunchtime and the entire afternoon will be free. After dinner, the evening will often be spent playing cards and reliving the day’s adventures, before heading off to bed for a well-earned sleep.
TREKKING GEARS AND EQUIPMENT
You will need walking boots, sleeping bag (4 seasons/-20 0C rated), waterproof jacket and trousers, fleece jacket, warm hat and gloves, sunglasses, water bottle, sun-screen and day pack. Comprehensive list of equipment will be provided once you book your trip. It’s not necessary to spend a lot of money buying extra equipment and clothing before your trip. Majority of these gears can be bought or hired at reasonable rates in Kathmandu.
GEARS AVAILABLE IN KATHMANDU
There are numerous suppliers of trekking gears in Kathmandu supplying genuine branded items or imitations depending on your choice and price. You can get anything from down jackets and sleeping bags to socks or thermal wears that you need for your trek.
EQUIPMENT PROVIDED BY COMPANY
We provide company duffle bag (80 L) to use on the trek. You can store your bag in your hotel and use it after the trek.
TREK SECURITY
Security of our clients is our foremost priority. All our guides are licensed by Nepal Government. Our guides and support crew are carefully chosen for your trips. They will ensure your safety and security throughout your trip. During your trek, you will be sleeping in local teahouses. You have to take precautions yourself at all times. Never leave your baggage unattended and keep your lodge room locked when you go out.
MEETING AND GREETING AT AIRPORT
You need to pass on your International flight details to us for a “meeting and greeting” service at airport. You just pass the customs desk and come out of the terminal building where you will see someone standing with a placard with either ‘Explore Himalaya’ or your name written on it. Our airport representative or tour officer will greet you and welcome you with a garland and escort you to your hotel.
TREK DURATION
We ensure liability as indicated in itinerary and list of services. If the holiday is cut short or completed earlier than the projected period upon client’s wish, we shall not be responsible or make refund against unutilized days or services. Clients need to pay for hotels/services incurred in Kathmandu or elsewhere in such cases.
CLIMATE AND BEST TIME TO GO
The best seasons for trekking in Nepal are autumn (from mid-September till November end) and spring (from the beginning of March until mid-May). Temperatures will drop considerably as you trek higher every day. The nights are cold (between -10 0C to 5 0C) but the days are sunny and hot (between 10 0C to 20 0C). The mornings are usually clear, with clouds building up during the afternoon, disappearing at night. Trekking during the monsoon and winter is not recommended, as the visibility during monsoon is limited, upper parts and high passes could be covered with snow in winter.
March, April, October and November are the most favored months. Please choose the date that is convenient for you.
ITINERARY CHANGES
The itinerary for this trek is a standard itinerary. Depending on the prevailing situation while on trek, you can modify it to some extent after consulting with your guide. However, the date of trek completion should always coincide with the original itinerary. You should keep in mind that this is an adventure trip into the remotest region, where many unforeseen events may contribute to the need for a change in itinerary. In such cases, we or your guide will suggest the best alternative similar to your original.
HEALTH ISSUES AND VACCINATIONS
As vaccination requirements change frequently, we suggest you consult your doctor at least 2 months prior to the beginning of your trip. We recommend protection against malaria, tetanus, typhoid, hepatitis and polio. The main health consideration during the trek is Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS). You may experience some mild symptoms initially, such as headache, lethargy, nausea and difficulty sleeping, but these should lessen within a few days. To avoid Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), people take pills called ‘Diamox’ (actazolamide). You can also use these pills after consulting with your doctor and purchase them in Kathmandu. Our itinerary will allow your body to acclimatize properly and handle the low oxygen rate.
If you have ever suffered from altitude sickness, or have a heart or breathing complaint, we highly recommend you consult your doctor about your suitability for trekking in high altitude areas before booking. We suggest that you take some pain-killing pills with you and enough medicine for cold, diarrhea, nausea and fever. Some nasal ointment and throat-moistening pills will greatly help for those who are sensitive to chilly or freezing weather conditions.
FIRST AID KIT
We supply a medical bag with standard medicines prescribed by trekking doctors and a user’s manual. Since our staffs/guides are not qualified for suggesting medications to western clients, we would request you to use the medicines upon your own risk. It is safer and more reliable if you have your own medicine kit and not depend on what we have.
VISA
All visitors except the Indian nationals must hold passport and valid visa. Visa can be obtained at the Nepalese diplomatic missions and consulates abroad. You can also get “On Arrival Visa” at entry points. For doing Upper Mustang Circuit Trek, you can come with a 30 days visa which costs US $ 50. You should have a passport size photo to get it at airport upon arrival. Some countries’ nationals need to get visa prior their arrival.
Please check http://www.nepalimmigration.gov.np/page/tourist-visa for detailed information.
JOIN A GROUP OR PRIVATE TRIP
Our trips are available on both fixed departure and private basis. If you are looking for a group to join this trek, please check our “Fixed Departures” link for availability, dates and price. If you would like to travel independently, or with your friends, families and colleagues, you are invited to choose any of the trips at your convenient timeframe for any number of people (minimum 1 and maximum 20 at a time).
If you want to do something that is not included in our trip list, we are ready to tailor your trip to suit your exact requirements. In short, we will make every effort to meet your needs.
RESCUE / EVACUATIONS
We take your safety and security very seriously, and make sure that nothing untoward happen to you. However, if anything serious like sickness or a casualty occurs, we will do everything to transfer you to the nearest hospital. As you are responsible for all the expenses incurred in evacuation, please make sure that it is covered by your insurance before assigning for it.
INSURANCE
Before joining this trip, we recommend you take a travel insurance which should cover cancellation, medical expenses, helicopter evacuation and emergency repatriation during high-altitude trekking, specifically up to Lo Manthang. Our staff will collect your insurance details before you leave for the trek.
RESPONSIBLE TRAVEL
We are among the few companies in Nepal to receive Travelife Certificate Award https://www.travelife.info for our long-term efforts in sustainable practices.
1.Care for porters and staffs
We ensure that all the porters and other staffs going into high altitude conditions during Upper Mustang trek are provided with adequate clothing and equipment. All our porters carry less than 30 kg and underage porters are strictly prohibited in our operations. We run the trek according to the guidelines of the International Porter Protection group (IPPG – www.ippg.net).
2.Environmental Responsibility
Wonderful environment of the Himalayas is also an extremely fragile one. Increasing population density and numbers of trekkers threaten the very beauty of Nepal. At Explore Himalaya, we are extremely conscious about the environment and aim to minimize our impact as much as possible.
As deforestation is one of the greatest environmental threats, we do not have camp fires and use LPG gas or kerosene for cooking as an alternative fuel to wood. We don’t use plastic bottles. We also discourage trekkers from using wood-fuelled hot showers in lodges along the way. Many lodges, however, now provide solar hot showers, a far more eco-friendly alternative.
Garbage disposal is another major problem and some of the busier trails can, at times, appear strewn with litter. Our staff members are well motivated towards eco-friendly practices. Our staff carry garbage bag with them all the time and collect our garbage and other litters they find on trail, and dispose them on the designated area. We also volunteer to bring garbage down while returning back. Our aim is to help protect and preserve this beautiful environment for future generations of trekkers to enjoy.
3.Social Responsibility
Explore Himalaya works with the motto ‘Development through Tourism’. Keeping in line with this motto, Explore Himalaya Community Service Project (EHCSP) has been conceived to empower underprivileged, marginalized, poor and minority segments of Nepal.
Since its inception, EHCSP has been incessantly facilitating and advocating for school education, health, community development, forest conservation, agro practices and culture preservation. A certain amount of your trip money goes to these projects. For more details on our CSR initiatives, please visit https://explorehimalaya.com/csr/
Mustang “The forbidden kingdom” lies in Gandaki province in northern Nepal. Mustang is bordered by Tibetan plateau, and the tallest mountains like Annapurna and Dhaulagiri, including several other peaks above 7,000 meters are also situated here. Mustang, spread in an area of 3,573 sq. km, is one of the districts of Nepal, and the entire district is within Annapurna Conservation Area, which is the largest protected area of Nepal. Jomsom is the headquarter of Mustang. Mustang is known as the lost Kingdom of Tibet because in old time it used to belong to Tibetan Empire. Mustang trekking is possible in every season.
The climate experienced in Mustang trekking is cool and semi-arid (dry but having slightly more rain than an arid region or climate). The average annual temperature of the region is about 10.9 °C during the day. Mustang lies in the rain shadow area of the Annapurna region. In this climate we find unique animals like; snow leopard, musk deer, and Tibetan gazelle. In this region we mostly find medical herbs. Above the elevation of 5000 meters, there are rhododendron anthopogon, potentilla biflora, and saxifraga. Above the elevation of 5800 meters, there is almost no vegetation because of extreme cold. Near the area of Jomsom, the forest covers end, and it is very limited in the Upper Mustang region, which falls in the Alpine climatic area.
Dhaulagiri
Dhaulagiri, also known as the White Mountain, stands proudly at 8167 meters (26795 feet) and is the seventh highest peak in the world. Located in the Dhaulagiri mountain range of the Nepal Himalayas, this majestic peak is a renowned destination for high-altitude expeditions. Dhaulagiri lies northwest of the popular tourist hub of Pokhara, in the Gandaki Province. The mountain’s impressive ice fields, sheer faces, and dramatic ridges create a breathtaking spectacle. When Dhaulagiri I was first discovered in 1808, it was mistakenly believed to be the highest mountain peak in the world, a title it held for 30 years before being surpassed by Kanchenjunga. The first successful ascent of Dhaulagiri was accomplished on May 13, 1960, by a Swiss expedition led by Peter Diener, Kurt Diemberger, Albin Schelbert, Ernst Forrer, Nima Dorje Sherpa and Nawang Dorje Sherpa.
Tukuche Peak
Tukuche Peak is a notable mountain in the Dhaulagiri range of the Himalayas, located in Nepal. It stands at an elevation of 6920 meters (22703 feet) above sea level. The peak is part of the Dhaulagiri massif. Tukuche Peak is known for its striking appearance and challenging climbing routes. The area around Tukuche Peak is also renowned for its trekking routes, particularly the Annapurna Circuit, which passes through the region and provides access to the stunning landscapes and diverse cultures of the Himalayas. Tukuche Peak was first ascended on April 30, 1970, by a Japanese expedition that included Hirosuke Kikuchi, Eiho Otani, and Takao Yonemoto.
Nilgiri
The Nilgiri, a stunning mountain massif in Annapurna region, three prominent summits: Nilgiri North (7061 m / 23166 ft), Nilgiri Central (6940 m / 22769 ft), and Nilgiri South (6839 m / 22437 ft). Nilgiri’s striking appearance features a series of sharp ridges and steep, snow-covered slopes that contribute to its rugged and majestic profile. From its base, the peak offers breathtaking views of the surrounding Annapurna and Dhaulagiri ranges. The dramatic ice formations and pristine snow of Nilgiri create a stunning contrast against the deep blue sky, making it a captivating sight for mountaineers and adventurers. Nilgiri North was first successfully ascended on October 7, 1950, by a French expedition led by the renowned climber Lionel Terray. The team also included H. G. Van Lookeren Campagne, P. Van Lookeren Campagne, P. F. J. Van Lookeren Campagne, and Wangdi Sherpa. Nilgiri Central was first successfully ascended on October 8, 1978. The pioneering ascent was achieved by a Japanese expedition led by climbers Kohichi Sakata and Yasuo Tsuda. Nilgiri South was first successfully ascended on October 8, 1978, by a Japanese expedition. The pioneering team consisted of Kazuo Mitsui, Taichi Fujimatsu, Yoshiaki Kato, Nobuhito Morota, Seiji Tanaka, and Hideki Yoshida.
Tilicho Peak
Tilicho Peak, standing at 7134 meters (23406 feet), is a striking and majestic mountain located in the Annapurna massif of Nepal. It is renowned for its dramatic appearance and challenging climbing routes, making it a notable destination for experienced mountaineers. The mountain’s rugged, ice-covered slopes and dramatic ridges create a captivating sight, particularly at sunrise and sunset when the snow and ice catch the soft, golden light. The first ascent of Tilicho Peak was achieved in 1978 by French climber Emanuel Schmutz, who successfully reached the summit using the northwest shoulder.
Annapurna I
Annapurna I, standing majestically at 8091 meters (26545 feet), graces the Himalayas as one of the world’s most enchanting yet formidable peaks. Located in awe-inspiring Annapurna massif, it is the 10th highest mountain on Earth and captivates climbers with both its breathtaking beauty and its daunting challenges. First conquered on June 3, 1950, by the intrepid French expedition led by Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal, Annapurna I hold a special place in mountaineering history. Their successful ascent was a pioneering feat, marking the first time anyone had reached the summit of an 8,000 – meter peak. The mountain’s allure is undeniable, with its snow-covered slopes and dramatic landscapes, yet it demands great respect. Its notorious conditions — frequent avalanches, fierce weather, and technical climbing challenges — make it a true test of endurance and skill. Climbers who are drawn to Annapurna I are lured by the promise of adventure and the chance to experience the mountain’s awe-inspiring splendor. Despite its dangers, the mountain’s grandeur continues to inspire and attract those seeking to push their limits and embrace the extraordinary.
Annapurna II
Annapurna II, with its impressive height of 7937 meters (26040 feet), is renowned for its stunning and dramatic appearance. The mountain features a strikingly steep and pyramidal shape, with its summit often shrouded in a veil of snow and ice. Its north face is particularly notable for its sheer, which rise almost vertically from the surrounding terrain. The peak’s rugged contours and the surrounding glaciers create a breathtaking visual contrast against the deep blue sky, enhancing its majestic allure. The mountain’s remote location and challenging ascent add to its enigmatic and awe-inspiring presence. The peak was first ascended in 1960 by a collaborative British, Indian, and Nepalese team led by J. O. M. Roberts. They reached the summit via the West Ridge, after scaling the North Face of Annapurna IV. The summit party included Richard Grant, Chris Bonington, and Ang Nyima Sherpa.
Annapurna III
Annapurna III, standing at 7555 meters (24787 feet), presents a visually dramatic profile with its steep, formidable slopes and sharp ridges. The mountain’s appearance is characterized by its rugged and almost cathedral-like south face, which rises steeply and is often adorned with snow and ice formations. The peak is encircled by a ring of sharp pinnacles and cliffs, giving it a particularly imposing and majestic look. The interplay of light and shadow on its icy surfaces creates a dynamic and ever-changing appearance, making Annapurna III a captivating sight for those who view it from afar or approach its base. It was first ascended on May 6, 1961, by an Indian expedition led by Captain Mohan Singh Kohli. They reached the summit via the Northeast Face. The successful summit team included Mohan Singh Kohli, Sonam Gyatso, and Sonam Girmi.
Annapurna IV
Annapurna IV, at 7525 meters (24688 feet), is distinguished by its elegant yet rugged silhouette. The peak features a series of sharp ridges and snowy slopes that contribute to its striking and somewhat less symmetrical form compared to its neighboring peaks. The mountain’s appearance is marked by its less prominent but still significant snow fields and ice-covered faces, which blend harmoniously with the surrounding terrain. Annapurna IV’s remote and isolated position within the Annapurna massif adds to its allure, offering a serene and somewhat mysterious aspect that stands out amidst the grand Himalayas. It was first climbed in 1955 by a German expedition led by Heinz Steinmetz, who reached the summit via the North Face and Northwest Ridge. The successful summit team included Steinmetz, Harald Biller, and Jurgen Wellenkamp.
Annapurna South
Annapurna South, rising to 7219 meters (23684 feet), is known for its majestic and sweeping southern face. The peak exhibits a classic Himalayan profile with broad, snow-covered slopes that gently curve from the summit downwards, creating a more rounded appearance compared to some of its steeper neighbors. The mountain is often shrouded in a halo of clouds and mist, enhancing its ethereal and grand visual appeal. The striking contrasts between the snow and the rocky outcrops, combined with the expansive views it offers, contribute to Annapurna South’s allure as a breathtaking and iconic feature of the Annapurna massif. The peak was first successfully ascended on October 15, 1964, by Japanese climber Shioichiro Uyeo and Nepali climber Mingma Tsering Sherpa.
Yakawa Kang
Yakawa Kang (6482 m / 21266 ft) the nearest peak from Muktinath. It is also the pass way to upper Mustang. Yakwakang peak gives stunning view of Mt. Dhaulagiri and Mt. Annapurna. The peak was first climbed on November 7, 2010, by a team consisting of Hidenobu Tsuji, Dawa Norbu Sherpa, Dawa Tshering Sherpa, and Tshering Tashi Sherpa.
Pokhara
Pokhara stands as one of Nepal’s most enchanting tourist destinations, offering a perfect blend of natural beauty, adventure, and relaxation. Nestled at an elevation of approximately 820 meters (2690 feet) beside the serene Phewa Lake, Pokhara captivates visitors with its stunning vistas and tranquil ambiance. The lake’s calm waters reflect the majestic peaks of the Annapurna and Machapuchare ranges, creating a picturesque setting that enchants travelers from sunrise to sunset. The city is renowned for its diverse range of attractions and activities. Adventure seekers can embark on thrilling paragliding flights that offer a bird’s-eye view of the breathtaking landscapes, or explore the nearby hills and trails, such as the famous Sarangkot and World Peace Pagoda. For those seeking relaxation, Pokhara’s lakeside promenade is perfect for leisurely strolls, boat rides, and unwinding with stunning mountain views. Pokhara also boasts a vibrant cultural scene, with lively markets, traditional restaurants, and a variety of local crafts and souvenirs. The city’s warm hospitality and friendly atmosphere make it a welcoming haven for travelers. Whether you’re drawn by the allure of adventure, the beauty of nature, or the charm of local culture, Pokhara offers a unique and unforgettable experience that caters to every type of traveler.
Kagbeni
Kagbeni, a historic village frozen in time, is a captivating stop on the journey through Mustang. Located at 2800 meters (9186 feet), this ancient settlement exudes a timeless charm with its narrow alleys, traditional adobe houses, and ancient monasteries. The village, set against a backdrop of rugged, wind-swept landscapes and towering cliffs, offers an evocative glimpse into the region’s rich cultural heritage. Kagbeni’s serene beauty and historical significance create a sense of wonder and tranquility, making it a treasured destination for those seeking to experience the mystical allure of Mustang. Kagbeni is the northernmost village in this region that foreigners may visit on a normal trekking permit. The police check post at the northern end of the village fastidiously prevents tourists from proceeding towards Lo-Manthang, the walled city of Mustang without proper documentation. A green oasis at the junction of Jhong Khola and Kali Gandaki River, Kagbeni looks like a town out of the medieval past, with closely packed mud houses, dark tunnels and alleyways, imposing chortens and a large, ochre-colored gompa perched above the town.
Jomsom
Jomsom is a charming high-altitude town that serves as a gateway to the Mustang region, offering a unique blend of rugged mountain beauty and traditional Tibetan culture. Located at 2720 meters (8924 feet), Jomsom is renowned for its clear, crisp air and expansive views of the Dhaulagiri and Annapurna ranges. Jomsom serves as the centre for Mustang valley. It lies on the banks of the Kali Gandaki River. The town’s serene environment, with its sun-drenched terraces and traditional stone houses, provides a peaceful haven for travelers. Jomsom is a place where the ancient and the timeless converge, offering a glimpse into the enduring spirit of the Himalayas. There is an airstrip with scheduled service to Kathmandu. The increase in the frequency of flights has brought more tourists to this area. Jomsom has a bank, post office, telecom office, a hospital and numerous hotels and lodges. The place is a popular stopover during Annapurna Circuit Trek. It is mainly occupied by the native Thakali people. Maximum people start their Upper Mustang trek to Lo Manthang from Jomsom. There are a monastery and a museum in Jomsom. Mountain Biking is famous as a daily activity for tourist in Jomsom.
Lo-Manthang
Lo Manthang served as the capital of the Mustang Kingdom from around the 14th century, strategically overseeing the salt trade route connecting Tibet, Nepal, and India from within its protective walls. By the 18th century, as the nation of Nepal emerged, Lo Manthang became increasingly isolated. This isolation allowed Lo Manthang and its surrounding regions to preserve their unique culture, traditions, and religion. The kingdom had its own monarch until 2008, when the Nepalese monarchy was abolished and the reign of the Lo King came to an end. Lo Manthang offers plenty to explore. Visitors can tour the palace with its courtyards and temples, and explore numerous monasteries and gompas. The ancient earthen walls, with their four impressive gates, can be walked to gain insight into historical life in the town.
Jhampa Lhakang Gumba
Jhampa Lhakang is the oldest, dating back to 1387 during King Amapal’s reign. Designed by Ngorchen Kunga Zangpo, who also founded the gumbas in Geling and Tsarang, Jhampa Lhakang is renowned for its 1,000 hand-painted Yogatantric mandalas and a towering gilded clay statue of Maitreya (Future Buddha). Although the ground floor is undergoing restoration, you can visit the accessible second floor and the third-floor sanctum, which leads to a flat roof with excellent views of the city and the surrounding landscape.
Thupchen Gumba
Thupchen Gumba, established in 1412 by King Chang Chen Tashi Gon, grandson of Amapal. This gumba is perhaps the most impressive, entered through an entrance hall guarded by baroque statues of the four Lokapala. Inside, the main prayer hall features ornate statues of Shakyamuni, Avalokiteshwara, Manjushri, and Padmasambhava on the western wall, and Vajradhara, White Tara, Amitaya, and Hayagriva on a lower row. The walls are adorned with large frescoes of Buddhist deities and hundreds of minor figures. The northern antechamber, currently under renovation, was likely dedicated to the protector Mahakali.
Chhode Gumba
Chhoede Gumba, the primary religious center of Lo Manthang, is often guarded by fierce Tibetan mastiffs. It was established in 1757 and features a main prayer hall with numerous bronze, brass, and copper statues, as well as a sacred thanka depicting Mahakala and Dorje Sonnu. Photography of these statues is prohibited to prevent theft. Adjacent to the gumba, a large prayer wheel is said to drive away bad dreams if spun three times. Also worth visiting is the nearby monastic school, where students and teachers welcome visitors and showcase their language skills. Across from the school, a new prayer hall is used by monks to prepare for festival dances.
Jong Cave
The sky caves of Mustang remained largely unknown to outsiders until 1990, and they remain a captivating mystery. Despite being man-made and featuring 40 chambers within Jong Cave, accessed via ladders, the exact reasons for their creation are still unclear. Historically, sky caves around the world were often used for burial purposes. Inside these caves, bones dating from the 3rd to 8th centuries have been discovered, suggesting they might have been part of a sky burial practice. Alternatively, it is also thought that the caves may have been used during historical conflicts between Mustang and Tibet. Regardless of their original purpose, these caves are a fascinating site to explore.
Lo Ghekar
Lo Ghekar is a significant monastery in the Lo Tsho Dun region, being the sole monastery shared by the Nyingmapa sect in the area. It was originally constructed by Amapal, who also built the nearby Tsarang palace and monastery after the region was subdued by Padmasambhava. Renovated by King Don Grub R-Dorje between 1580 and 1594 AD, the monastery features Chortens at each of its four corners, with an additional 108 Chortens in the vicinity, some of which have been restored. The main entrance is adorned with Chaturmaharaja paintings. Inside, the Dukhang consists of an older inner section and a later outer section, with slate carvings displayed in the latter. The upper storey houses sculptures of Padmasambhava, Lama, and Mahankal. The Mani Lhakhang room contains a Mani-Padma Lokeshwor sculpture, a gift from Queen Nyizla in the 17th century.
Charang Palace
Built by Aham Don Grub Rdorje during his reign from 1580 to 1594 AD, Charang Palace may have been an extension or renovation of an existing structure. The palace, a five-storey building constructed from mud, stone, and wood, stands as a testament to its historical grandeur. The main entrance faces south and features an interesting stone said to originate from Jumla. The first floor includes a toilet, rooms, and a Chorten, while the second floor houses weapons, sculptures of Maitreya, Tara, and Lokeshwor, and various artifacts including gold-plated Chorten and copper items. The third and fourth floors contain only rooms. However, the eastern sections of the palace have now fallen into ruin.
Charang Monastery
Founded by Amapal, the first independent king, Charang Monastery was established in the old headquarters of Lo, Charang, which has been a prominent religious and educational center since its independence. The current structure, built in the 16th century by Bsum Grub Rdorje, is a three-storey building made of mud, stone, and wood. Ani Gumba, another site in Charang, is now abandoned but contains some of the oldest paintings in the area, which urgently need restoration and conservation.
Mandala Cave
Located in Choser, the Mandala Cave is positioned north of Nyiphu Monastery. It features four ruined Chortens and a ceiling adorned with 16 mandalas, the largest of which is 7’3″ in diameter. Although figural paintings on the cave’s walls are now hard to identify, Tibetan script and a Buddha painting remain.
Phodaling Cave (Goije Phu)
The Phodaling Cave, situated in Goije Tha village, is renowned for its 70 paintings, including a notable panel of 56 arranged in three rows depicting palm trees, monkeys, and unusual motifs. Some paintings resemble those found in the Ajanta Caves, and the cave contains important murals and Tibetan inscriptions.
Chukumau Dhakpu Cave
Located in Chu Kumarapo village, the Chukumau Dhakpu Cave is a three-storey cave where manuscript folios with gold letters, a Tibetan-script stone, and a mud-and-cloth Buddha head were discovered.
Shaka Phu Cave
Across the Nyanol River from Nyanol village, the Shaka Phu Cave has become inaccessible since our visit. It features a damaged Kabung and paintings of the Buddha, a monk, and Vajrasattva.
Marchung Cave
Situated near a hot spring and the Samjung River, the Marchung Cave is divided into four storeys and contains wall paintings of Yamāntaka and Vajrayoginīs. It also holds Tibetan-script folios and pottery shards.
Tashe Kabung
On the trail from Yara village to Luri, the Tashe Kabung is a ruined Chorten on a cliffside. Despite severe damage, it displays an octagonal socle with auspicious symbols and Tibetan inscriptions. The cave’s western wall has paintings of Khadcheri and a monk.
Luri Cave
Located in Ghara village, the Luri Cave is notable for its well-preserved 13th-14th century paintings. It features a Chorten with auspicious symbols, and the dome displays images of Namgyal, Khadcheri, Vajrasattva, and Lokeśvara. The cave’s walls showcase various Buddhist figures and mandalas.
Tangya Kabung
Tangya village is known for its chörtens and caves. A well-preserved Kabung found nearby contains no paintings but features a Ranjana inscription.
Charang Cave
Charang, an important historical site, has caves to the north and east. The latter cave, with 33 chambers, contains no artifacts but features some swastika paintings.
Dhakmar Cave
The Dhakmar Cave, located in Ghami, is named for its reddish cliff color, associated with a legend involving Padmasambhava. The cave has no inscriptions or paintings, but a wood sample was collected for study.
Chili Phu
Also known as Ghami caves, Chili Phu consists of eight-storey caves with numerous chambers, featuring rope impressions and monastery sketches.
Tama Gaon Cave
West of Tama Gaon, the Tama Gaon Cave is marked by a stone plinth and red pigment at its entrance. It has multiple levels and includes sketches of a Chorten and Ranjana inscriptions.
Kabung Nar Gonpa Kang
Gonpa Kang monastery, located in Chhusang, is a key regional monastery. A nearby Kabung, found 30 minutes from the monastery, is in ruin but contains five notable paintings of female deities.
Loba People
The Loba people are native to Lo Manthang and are regarded as the original inhabitants of Mustang. In the Lo Manthang region, Loba communities are often ethnically categorized as Bhote. Historically, the Loba have been farmers, shepherds, and traders in the high Himalayan areas. Their traditional homes are built from stone, featuring stone-slab roofs that are remarkably uniform and smooth. The architecture of these homes and decorative structures reflects their cultural heritage and is still visually striking today. The traditional construction and colors of these houses provide a glimpse into Loba culture. Interestingly, the architectural style in Mustang may hint at a historical feudal system. For example, three-story houses were typically built by feudal lords, while common people, especially those of lower social status, were limited to single-story homes within compounds. This social stratification is particularly evident in Upper Mustang’s housing structures.
Thakali
The Thakali people, hailing from the Thak Khola region in Mustang, Nepal, are a distinctive cultural and linguistic group. Despite centuries of external influence, they have retained many of their unique traditions. Their language, cuisine, and trading history set them apart in the Himalayan region. They are classified as part of the mountain nationalities in Nepal. The Thakali are believed to be descendants of the ancient Newari kingdom of Kathmandu, though some also claim lineage from the Thakuri prince of Jumla. Their culture is a blend of Tibetan and Hindu influences, reflected in their spiritual practices, traditional arts, and various dialects. Thakali society is organized into four main clans—Gauchan, Tulachan, Sherchan, and Battachan—each with its own deities. Traditionally engaged in farming, animal husbandry, and trade, many Thakali have migrated to cities for work and are involved in various sectors, including tourism. Priests in the Thakali community, such as Dhong, Dongba, and Lama, play a crucial role in religious rituals and the preservation of cultural practices. Their traditional dress, which includes distinctive garments and ornaments, reflects their cultural heritage. The Thakali celebrate several unique festivals, including Toran La, which occurs around Holi and involves feasting, rituals, and honoring ancestors. Their cuisine, known for its distinct flavors, includes dishes like Dal, Bhaat, Tarkari, and traditional buckwheat-based foods, incorporating unique local ingredients.
Gurung
The Gurungs are an indigenous and ethnic group in Nepal. They belong to the Mongolian ethnic family, sharing linguistic and cultural traits with other Mongolian-descended groups in Nepal, such as the Magar and Sherpa. Gurungs are primarily settled in the Gandaki province. The Gurungs are believed to have migrated from regions between Tibet and China, moving through Mongolia and Lhasa before settling in Nepal’s Mustang and Manang areas by the 7th century. Initially nomadic, they gradually established permanent settlements in the Gandaki region. Historically known as “Gyarong,” the Gurungs later became distinct from other local ethnic groups, with settlements and cultural practices that reflect their unique heritage. The Gurungs’ cultural and linguistic characteristics continue to be preserved in their traditional names and customs. They celebrate the Tola Lhosar festival, which is held on the 15th of Poush in the Nepali calendar. In Gurung culture, the Barga or Lho system plays a central role in daily life and rituals. This system is used to determine auspicious times for various activities, including marriage, travel, and important life events such as birth and death. Gurungs use Lho to guide the timing of these events and to classify animals like rats, tigers, wolves, and others. Additionally, Lho helps in interpreting daily fortunes and misfortunes. Thus, Lho is not only a key aspect of the Gurung New Year’s celebration but also a fundamental element of their cultural and spiritual practices.
Tiji
The Tiji Festival is a renowned annual celebration held in Lo Manthang, Upper Mustang. Spanning three days at the end of May according to the local calendar, this vibrant festival is a key event in Upper Mustang. The term “Tiji” is an abbreviation of “Tempa Chhirim,” which translates to “Pray for World Peace.” This festival, celebrated by the Tibetan Buddhist community in Lo Manthang, is known for its colorful and lively traditions.
The Tiji Festival, celebrated for over 300 years, commemorates the triumph of good over evil, drawing on the folk histories of Dorje Jono and Padmasambhava Guru Rinpoche, key figures in Tibetan Buddhism. Dorje Jono, also known as Vajrakila, is a revered deity in Vajrayana Buddhism. The festival is rooted in a legend where the deity Dorje Jono fought his demon father (Dorje Sonnu) to save the Mustang kingdom from destruction. His father, a malevolent figure, had caused severe water shortages and instilled fear in the region. Dorjo Jono defeated and banished him, and the Tiji Festival commemorates this victory, symbolizing peace and prosperity for the area. During Tiji, monks from Lo Manthang’s Choedhe Monastery, which belongs to the Sakya sect of Buddhism and is led by a Rimpoche, perform ritual dances. The monastery is home to about 65 monks from Lo Manthang, Nhenyul, and Chhosyer.
It features monks in elaborate costumes and masks dancing to the rhythms of drums, horns, and chanting. A highlight of the festival is the rare display of an ancient Thangka painting of Guru Rimpoche (Padmasambhava), visible to the public only during this event.
During the Tiji Festival, the primary dancer, known as Tsowa, undergoes a three-month retreat in preparation for the event. On the festival days, members of the Mustang royal family and villagers from all seven provinces of Upper Mustang (Lo Chhodun) gather to witness this sacred dance, which is accompanied by numerous rituals. In the Mustang dialect, the festival is called Tiji or Tenchi, and it is rooted in Tantra practices related to Vajrakumar/Vajrakila. The original name of this sacred dance is Tenpa Chirim, which translates to “the benefits of Buddha’s teachings and for all sentient beings.” It is believed that those who perform this dance receive the empowerment of Vajrakila.
On the first day of the festival, the monks perform the ‘Tso Chham’ dance, a vibrant portrayal of the demons that once plagued Mustang. This dynamic dance, filled with dramatic movements, chants, and the resounding clang of cymbals and horns, tells the story of Dorje Jono’s birth and his battle against these malevolent forces.
The second day features Dorje Jono in a dramatic ritual to expel the demons. This involves an intense display of dance, meditation, and sword-waving, all designed to drive away the evil spirits and ensure their departure from the region.
The third day marks the festival’s climax with the celebration of Dorje Jono’s victory. The ‘Rha Chham’ dance takes center stage, accompanied by lively festive music and swirling masked dances. A grand procession parades Dorje Jono to the town’s walls, symbolically driving out the demons. The festival concludes with a jubilant bonfire, celebrating the triumphs of Dorje Jono, the villagers, and the visitors who have joined in the festivities.
Tiji attracts numerous international travelers to Nepal each year, drawn by its unique and spectacular celebrations. Held in the ancient, remote kingdom of Lo Manthang, the festival has been preserved by the local Tibetan Buddhist community despite the rapid changes of the modern world. The Tiji Festival is celebrated at the start of the harvest season, maintaining its traditional significance. Taking place every May (with dates varying by the lunar calendar), this three-day festival marks the victory of good over evil.
Yartung Festival
The Yartung Festival in Upper Mustang, Nepal, is a vibrant celebration held annually over three days in August. The festival unfolds with distinct activities for each day: the first day is dedicated to events involving the (ex) King, the second day focuses on rituals performed by monks, and the third day is a community celebration filled with a variety of activities. The centerpiece of Yartung is the exhilarating horse racing event, which garners significant attention. In addition to the races, the festival atmosphere is lively with locals engaging in singing, dancing, and festive drinking.
Traditional Archery Festival
Archery is another popular event in Upper Mustang, featured in various festivals such as Tiji and Yartung, as well as other occasional celebrations. This festival is especially significant during the spring, symbolizing the welcoming of new life and the hope for a prosperous year.
Festivals at Ghar Gumba and Luri Gumba
These ancient monasteries are visited twice a year by locals for seasonal pujas. These worship ceremonies are dedicated to ensuring good weather, health, peace, and prosperity within the community. The gatherings for these festivals foster unity and communal celebration.
Lhosar
In Upper Mustang, the Tibetan New Year, known as Lhosar, is celebrated twice, with the festivals of Chhegu Emma and Chhegu Semma. Both festivals span three days, marked by visits to relatives, social gatherings, parties, and dancing. These celebrations highlight the rich cultural traditions of the Mustang people.
Duk Chu
Duk Chu is a festival of highlanders where monks perform and play ‘Nha’ or hand-drum. In this festival, monks dance and pray for a prosperous next year in Lo Manthang. It is celebrated on the month of November and December.
Saka Lugka
It is also one of the main festivals of Mustang’s inhabitants. Saka Lugka is celebrated on the month of February and March. Saka Lugka means “Rise for timely rains and a good harvest”.
Your booking of this Upper Mustang Circuit Trek will be confirmed by email once we receive your deposit of $500 and the signed copy of booking form and contract. The balance is due no later than two months prior to departure. If you book a tour less than 2 months prior to departure, you must send the full payment within 7 days of confirmation by us.
If you cancel your booking, the following scale of charges will apply: • 2 months before departure – Loss of deposit (US$ 500) • 29 days to 2 months before departure – 30% of total trip cost • 10 to 28 days before departure – 60% of total trip cost • Less than 10 days before departure – 100% of total trip cost
In addition to your Upper Mustang Circuit Trek, we can organize extensions both within Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, etc. You may want to try water rafting or a jungle safari in Nepal or Nepal Cultural Tour. You may as well take a trip to Tibet or Bhutan, whichever seems more appealing to you.
It is fundamental to acknowledge that Upper Mustang Circuit Trek is an adventure tour. This requires some flexibility. The day to day itinerary is taken only as a guideline. We cannot be held responsible for any delays caused by International or domestic flights, strikes, Government regulations, weather or natural casualties etc. In such cases, Explore Himalaya shall provide suitable alternatives which will be decided upon mutual agreement. If you have any questions regarding this trip, please feel free to contact us at enquiry@explorehimalaya.com or directly by phone: +977-1-4518100. We answer all enquiries within 24 hours.
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