Kathmandu
Kathmandu
Tea House/Lodges/Camps
3 Course Meals (B, L, D)
Challenging
7, 129m/23,389 feet
Trekking and Climbing
36 Days
Reaching Summit of Barun Tse
Stunning Views Including Everest, Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, Nuptse, Ama Dablam, etc.,
Crossing Amphu Labsta Pass, Sherpa Culture, Various Monasteries, Makalu Barun National Park and Sagarmatha National Park
Climbing Barun Tse is one of the most accessible options for those aiming to reach the 7,000-meter level. Barun Tse is surrounded by a stunning array of other Himalayan peaks including Mount Everest (8,848.86 m/29,031.69 ft), Lhotse (8,516 m/28,940 ft), and Makalu (8,463 m/27,766 ft). This mountain provides an excellent opportunity to gain valuable experience and skills that can be applied to higher altitudes. Often regarded as one of the best preparation peaks for climbers aiming for eight-thousanders, Barun Tse presents technical challenges, steep slopes, and unpredictable weather conditions. While it is open to beginners, the ascent requires the use of fixed ropes.
Barun Tse stands at an impressive elevation of 7,129 meters (23,389 feet) and is located in the Mahalangur range of the Khumbu region in Nepal’s Koshi Province. This impressive and symmetrical snow peak features four ridges and four summits. It is bordered to the east by the Barun Glacier, which flows north-south from Cho, to the northwest by the Imja Glacier, and to the southeast by the Hunku Glacier. The three main ridges of Barun Tse lie between these glaciers, forming an upturned ‘Y’ shape that extends from Cho Polu (6,695 m) in the north, past the Humni La, and up to the northern summit where it splits. Other notable mountains in the vicinity include Makalu, Lhotse, Chamlang, Everest, and the Mera Peak. Barun Tse was first ascended on May 29, 1954, by Colin Todd and Geoff Harrow as part of the Hillary New Zealand Expedition, using the Southeast Ridge route. Since then, many climbers have successfully followed this path. The mountain has gained popularity over time, becoming a sought-after destination alongside other iconic peaks like Pumori, Ama Dablam, and Everest.
The mountain is crowned by four peaks, and it features four routes leading to the summit, with the southeastern route being the most popular. The expedition to the mountain typically begins by navigating the pristine wilderness of the Hinku Valley and the renowned Mera La in the remote valleys of Makalu Barun. Climbers often access Barun Tse from the south, using Mera Peak as an acclimatization point before moving toward the base camp. The base camp for Barun Tse is located near Panchpokhari at an altitude of 5,200 meters, providing a stunning backdrop for climbers preparing for their ascent. The southeast ridge route is particularly challenging, featuring steep sections with an incline of 50 degrees and a prominent ice cliff. These conditions pose significant risks, including potential avalanches, making this route one of the more difficult options for ascent.
The first route begins in Lukla, leading through the Zwatra La Pass to Mera La Pass, and then to the Hunku Glacier up to base camp. The alternative route follows the Makalu Trail across the West Barun Glacier. Regardless of the chosen path, climbers will be captivated by the region’s pristine beauty, ancient Sherpa settlements, lush meadows, and breathtaking views of the towering peaks of the Khumbu region.
The best seasons for climbing Barun Tse are spring and autumn, when the weather is generally moderate, skies are clear, days are longer, and the risks of extreme snowfall, storms, and winds are minimized. Most climbers have successfully reached the summit during the spring season, which is considered the safest time for such an ascent. However, some have also achieved the summit in the autumn, demonstrating the peak’s allure throughout different times of the year.
To participate in the Barun Tse Expedition, participants should possess excellent physical fitness and adequate experience in high-altitude trekking. Proper acclimatization will be crucial for making the expedition both memorable and successful.
The Climbing Journey
The Southeast Ridge of Barun Tse offers a relatively straightforward climb, primarily on snow, though it involves navigating some steep ice sections with a gradient of 50 degrees, including a prominent ice cliff at around 7,000 meters. While the upper summit ridge can have cornices, the lower slopes generally show minimal avalanche risk. The steeper parts of the route are secured with fixed ropes, which also assist climbers in traversing the cornices between the camps on the mountain. The climbing team will engage in a series of training exercises focused on ascending fixed ropes and rappelling on steep, icy terrain. Climbers will have the opportunity to practice these skills on the glacier just outside the camp, spending time honing techniques for navigating overhanging ice and managing the challenges of high-altitude climbing. During this period, the Sherpa team will also be hard at work, fixing ropes higher up the mountain to establish safe routes for the team. During the climbing period, there will be rotation climbs between the camps. This means you’ll ascend to higher camps, practice acclimatization, and then return to lower camps to rest. These rotations allow your body to adjust to the altitude while ensuring you’re well-prepared for the summit attempt. The Sherpa team will establish routes, set up fixed lines, and assess conditions to optimize safety and success on the climb. First, there will be a rest and acclimatization period at Base Camp. Next, team members will carry loads to Barun Tse Advanced Base Camp (5,800 m/19,029 ft) and then return to Base Camp for a rest day. Climbers will then ascend to the West Col and sleep at Camp I, located at 6,135 meters (20,128 feet). After that, the team will climb to Camp II at 6,400 meters (20,997 feet). Camp II or the Advanced Camp at approximately 6,500 meters (21,325 feet), is positioned in a small col between Barun Tse II and the main summit of Barun Tse. Barun Tse II, also referred to as Barun Tse Southeast, is situated between the two summits, with the camp resting on a saddle-like slope that offers a strategic and sheltered location for climbers. The ascent from Camp II to the summit involves a challenging push, taking approximately 10 to 12 hours. The route features a very sharp ridge at around 6,900 meters (22,638 feet), which presents excellent ice climbing opportunities over steep ice walls and highly exposed cornices. Ladders are necessary due to a crevasse along the ridge. The Sherpa team will secure the route and assess any potential hazards. Climbers will need to employ their ice climbing skills, utilizing fixed ropes to navigate the narrow, steep sections of the ridge. After overcoming these challenges, it typically takes another 60 to 90 minutes to reach the summit, which offers breathtaking views of Everest, Lhotse, Makalu, and Cho Oyu. Reaching the summit is only part of the journey, as the descent can be one of the most demanding aspects of climbing. Climbers must remain focused and use their abseiling skills carefully on the way down. While celebrating the achievement at the top, if the weather permits and conditions are calm, climbers may have 30 to 60 minutes to enjoy the stunning panoramic views of the Himalayas. However, our guiding team will advise when it’s time to descend, as it’s crucial to refuel and regain energy for a safe return to either Camp II or Camp I. Many incidents occur during the descent, highlighting the importance of vigilance and caution. A spare summit day is also built into the schedule for contingencies. Finally, the team will make their way back to Base Camp, concluding the expedition.
It’s a panoramic thrill flying into Kathmandu on a clear day. The views of snow-capped mountain peaks sprawling down below you are almost ecstatic, beginning a whole chain of memorable experiences that stay with you for a long, long time. As your plane lands at Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu, our waiting support team will meet and greet you at the arrivals and escort you to your hotel. At the hotel you will be briefed about your daily activities.
On the second day, you will complete all necessary official procedures, including obtaining permits and handling other essential documentation for your expedition. Once these formalities are taken care of, you’ll have some free time to explore the city and take in its sights. This day will be dedicated to preparing for the expedition. You’ll pack your bags, do any necessary shopping, and double-check that you have everything you need, especially medicines and essentials. Detailed briefings will cover every aspect of the expedition, including gear and equipment, trip duration, accommodation, and facilities at Base Camp. This is also a great opportunity for you to meet and introduce yourself to your fellow climbers and teammates, fostering a sense of camaraderie before the adventure begins.
Early morning you will be transferred to Ramechhap airport (494 m/1,620 ft) to catch the Lukla flight. A scenic flight of 15 minutes from Ramechhap brings us to Lukla airport (2,840 m/9,318 ft), a cliff-hanging airport in Khumbu from where most of the Everest trekking is started. From Lukla, you follow a downhill trail that leads you northward through lush forests of juniper and rhododendron. You’ll cross a bridge over the Handi Khola, taking in the tranquil flow of the river below. Then you’ll be making your way to Shurke, aka Nagbuwa, (2,290 m/7,513 ft). As you continue, you reach Pakhepani from where the trail guides you over the Chutok La (Pass, 2,945 m/ 9,662 ft). This ascent offers panoramic views of the surrounding landscapes, rewarding your efforts with breathtaking scenery. The trail allows you to pass through several traditional villages that reflect the rich culture of the region. A few hours of walking brings you to Paiya, aka Chutok, (2,730 m/8,957 ft), a small settlement that offers stunning views of the surrounding peaks. Here, you can enjoy the sight of Khatang, Tang Ragi Tu, Kongde Ri, and other towering mountains.
Today, you’ll set out from the Paiya village, ready to continue your adventure. The initial descent takes you to a quaint wooden bridge, where you’ll carefully cross over, taking in the sights and sounds of the surroundings. As you proceed, the trails can become slippery, particularly leading up to Kari La (Pass, 3,145 m/10,318 ft), so it’s essential to tread cautiously. The path then leads you through a lush, dense forest of rhododendrons and bamboo, providing a beautiful natural canopy overhead. A short while later, you’ll pause for lunch in one of the nearby villages, refueling for the journey ahead. Once you’re refreshed, you’ll navigate the narrow mountain trails, which offer breathtaking views of Dudh Kund Himal, the Dudhkoshi River, and the expansive valley below. Be sure to have your camera ready; the scenery is nothing short of spectacular. Continuing your trek, you will arrive at Panggom (2,850 m/9,350 ft), a small settlement where the local community relies on farming and trading for their livelihood. Take some time to explore the village and immerse yourself in the local lifestyle. The villagers often have fascinating stories to share about their adventures on these trails, and you’ll likely find them eager to recount their experiences. It’s a wonderful opportunity to connect with the culture and spirit of the region before settling in for the night.
After enjoying breakfast, you’ll set off on your trek from Panggom. The journey begins with a climb as you cross the Panggom La (Pass, 3,174 m/10,413 ft), which offers stunning views of the surrounding landscape. Along the way, you’ll encounter several mani walls. Continuing along a steady path, you’ll turn northward and first cross the Peseng Kharka Khola. As you progress, you’ll make your way to Peeng Kharka Danda, taking in the beauty of the trail. After some time, you’ll encounter the Ningsow Khola stream, which you’ll cross before arriving at Ningsow Village (2,863 m/9,393 ft). This charming village will be your home for the night, giving you a chance to relax and immerse yourself in the local culture.
Today, you’ll start by climbing before descending briefly, then ascending again to reach Ramailo Danda. This spot offers breathtaking views of Mera Peak and Salpa. As you continue, you’ll navigate the ups and downs of the trail until you enter Makalu Barun National Park. The path from here to Chhatra Khola is known as the Pasang Lhamu Trail. Keep your eyes peeled; if you’re fortunate, you might spot the elusive Red Panda along the way. You’ll spend the night in Chhatra Khola (2,800 m/9,186 ft).
Today, you’ll head north along the main trail to Mera Peak. As you walk beside the Majang Khola, you’ll join another path that runs alongside the Hinku Khola. Continuing forward, you’ll make your way to Tashing Ongma (3,580 m/11,745 ft), where seasonal tea shops can be found. Afterward, you’ll cross a bridge over the Sanu Khola before arriving in Kothe (3,691 m/12,110 ft), where you’ll spend the night.
Today’s trek from Kothe to Tangnag is a short and enjoyable journey that starts along the ridge of Hinku Khola. The first hour offers breathtaking views of towering mountains all around you. As you continue, you’ll stay on the left side of the river, being mindful of any rock-fall on your left. The trail features a gradual mix of rocky terrain and lush pastures where yaks graze during the summer months. You’ll continue your hike under the shadow of Mera Peak until you reach Gondishung (4,180 m/13,714 ft). Gondishung is a summer settlement located on the western side of Hinku Drangka. Here, you’ll take a break for lunch in one of the lodges, soaking in the scenic views along the riverside. As you depart Gondishung you’ll pass by a 200-year-old gumba, Lungsumgba Gumba, situated against a large rock. As you proceed, you’ll encounter a rock featuring an inscription of Mera Peak and its climbing route. Moving upstream, you’ll navigate a rocky trail, crossing several landslide areas. As you ascend, the trails offer close-up views of Mera Peak (6,470 m/21,227 ft) and Kusum Kanguru (6,360 m/20,866 ft) from various ridges. The name “Kusum Kanguru” translates to “Three Snow White Gods” in Sherpa language, referring to the mountain’s three distinct summits. After savoring these stunning sights, you’ll slowly make your way uphill to Tangnag (4,356 m/14,291 ft). Tangnag is a quaint summer grazing village for yaks and other animals, complete with charming antique shops and lodges. As night falls, you can enjoy the breathtaking views of the surrounding snowy peaks.
As you trek eastward through the valley floor, you’ll gradually make your way past breathtaking high-altitude peaks. Black Mera towers majestically above the valley, and you’ll also encounter stunning lakes and glaciers within this magnificent Himalayan landscape. Leaving Thaknak, you’ll follow the lateral moraine of the Dig Glacier to reach Dig Kharka (4,659 m/15,285 ft), where you’ll be treated to stunning views of the Charpate Himal, translates to “the four-sided hill.” The trail climbs through the moraines to the snout of the Hinku Nup Glacier, then becomes steeper as you approach Khare (5,045 m/16,552 ft). Here, you’ll get glimpse of Mera Peak’s northern face. After lunch, you can take some time to hike around Khare. You’ll spend the night there.
You have a full day dedicated to rest and acclimatization. Staying here will help you adapt to the harsh conditions of higher altitudes. Consider hiking to a nearby village or hill for a bit of elevation gain. You can aim for the stunning hill above the glacier for breathtaking views of the valleys below and peaks ahead. Later, you can explore the Khare settlement, enjoy short walks, and engage with the locals. Take this opportunity to soak in your surroundings and learn about the Himalayan lifestyle. This spot is in a beautiful setting, so don’t miss the chance to capture the magnificent view of Mera Peak.
From Khare, the trail splits towards Baruntse and Mera Peak. If you want to include Mera Peak in your itinerary, you’ll head toward Mera Base Camp. Otherwise, you’ll continue on to Khamedingma. As you walk, you’ll maintain a steady pace to acclimatize and minimize any hazards. You will cross Mera La at 5,415 meters (17,766 feet) on your way to Khamedingma/Kongme Dingma (4,800 m/15,748 ft). Once you reach your destination, you’ll set up camp and rest for the night.
As you steadily ascend near Seto Pokhari (5,035 m/16,519 ft), which means White Lake, you’ll encounter the first of several lakes located in the upper Hunku Basin. Today’s trek immerses you in the stunning mountain wilderness of the Hunku Valley. To your right, you’ll have a breathtaking view of Chamlang (7,319 m/24,012 ft), showcasing its hanging glaciers on both the southwest and northwest faces. Seto Pokhari (5,035 m/16,519 ft) is stunning high-altitude lake, known for its striking white appearance, offers a visually captivating experience. The trail will be adorned with the natural beauty of the surrounding region, making your trek truly memorable.
Leaving Seto Pokhari, you’ll set off on your trek, crossing a wide, grassy valley dotted with small boulders. As you ascend, the landscape gradually becomes more barren. You’ll pass by Peak 41 (6,649 m/21,814 ft) and Hunku Peak (6,119 m/20,075 ft) on your way to the Base Camp (5,300 m/17,388 ft) of Barun Tse. Once you arrive, you’ll set up camp for the night, surrounded by the breathtaking Himalayan scenery.
The Southeast Ridge of Barun Tse presents a relatively accessible ascent, primarily on snow, though it does require navigating some steep ice sections with a 50-degree incline, including a significant ice cliff around 7,000 meters. While the upper summit ridge may have cornices, the lower slopes generally pose a low avalanche risk. The steeper sections are equipped with fixed ropes, which help climbers traverse the cornices between camps. The Puja ceremony is an important tradition observed by Sherpas and international climbers before beginning their ascent. During this religious ritual, climbers seek permission from the mountain to climb and ask for the safety of everyone involved in the expedition. At Barun Tse Base Camp, you will take part in a prayer ceremony to seek blessings for a safe and successful climb. This significant event will create a positive atmosphere for your expedition. After the ceremony, you’ll engage in preparation and climbing training, ensuring you have the skills and knowledge necessary for the ascent. Your experienced guides will offer valuable insights and techniques to enhance climbing experience. During this time, you’ll participate in brief training sessions focused on using mountaineering gear and equipment, as well as practicing walking with fixed ropes. This preparation will ensure you’re fully equipped and confident for the challenges ahead. You’ll have the chance to practice these skills on the glacier just outside camp, honing your techniques for managing overhanging ice and the challenges of high-altitude climbing. Meanwhile, the Sherpa team will be busy fixing ropes higher up the mountain to create safe routes for everyone. During the climbing period, you’ll engage in rotation climbs between camps. This involves ascending to higher camps for acclimatization and then returning to lower camps to rest, allowing your body to adjust to the altitude and prepare for the summit attempt. The Sherpas will establish routes, set up fixed lines, and assess conditions to enhance safety and success. Initially, there will be a rest and acclimatization period at Base Camp. Afterward, team members will carry loads to Barun Tse Advanced Base Camp (5,800 m/19,029 ft) and return to Base Camp for a rest day. Then, climbers will ascend to the West Col and sleep at Camp I, situated at 6,135 meters (20,128 feet). Following that, the team will climb to Camp II at 6,400 meters (20,997 feet). This Advanced Camp, around 6,500 meters (21,325 feet), is nestled in a small col between Barun Tse II and the main summit, offering a strategic and sheltered spot for climbers. The ascent from Camp II to the summit is a demanding endeavor, taking roughly 10 to 12 hours. The route features a sharply defined ridge at about 6,900 meters (22,638 feet), presenting excellent ice climbing opportunities over steep walls and exposed cornices. Ladders will be necessary to navigate a crevasse along the ridge. The Sherpa team will secure the route and evaluate any potential hazards. Climbers must employ their ice climbing skills, using fixed ropes to navigate the narrow, steep sections. After overcoming these challenges, it typically takes another 60 to 90 minutes to reach the summit. The panoramic views from the top are breathtaking, showcasing Mount Everest, Cho Oyu, Lhotse, Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Mera Peak, Nuptse, and more. However, reaching the summit is just one part of the journey; the descent can be equally demanding. Climbers must stay focused and carefully use their abseiling skills on the way down. If the weather is favorable, climbers may have 30 to 60 minutes at the top to celebrate and take in the stunning panoramic views of the Himalayas. However, the guiding team will advise when to start descending, as it’s crucial to refuel and regain energy for a safe return to either Camp II or Camp I. Many incidents occur during the descent, underscoring the need for vigilance and caution. A spare summit day is included in the schedule for contingencies. Finally, the expedition concludes as the team makes their way back to Base Camp.
Today, you’ll hike along the rugged moraine toward Imja Valley, enjoying panoramic views of the towering Himalayan peaks, including Lhotse and Everest to the northwest. Once you arrive at Amphu Labsta Base Camp, you’ll set up your tents for the night. Amphu Labsta Base Camp (5,620 m/18,438 ft) is situated close to the rocky slopes leading up to the pass. Overnight camping at Amphu Labsta Base Camp.
Today the trail ascends through vast stretches of rock and ice, culminating at the summit. From the top, a steep descent takes you into the Chhukung Valley. Prepare for an alpine start as you begin your pass crossing. Coordinating the ferrying of all your loads, including those of fellow trekkers, crew, and porters, can be time-consuming. The approach to the pass from the Honku Valley can be misleading; while the east and south sides receive plenty of sunlight and are relatively snow-free, the rocky path gradually leads to the gap we aim to traverse. On the north-facing side, you’ll encounter steep snow slopes that require careful descent using fixed ropes, guiding you to the snow basins below, followed by moraine and the alpine valley beyond. The views from this 5,845 meters (19,177 feet) pass are simply unparalleled, showcasing the stunning peaks of the Khumbu region. Take advantage of any spare moments during the climb and descent to fully appreciate the breathtaking spectacle that surrounds you. You slowly and carefully descend with the help of ropes and ice axe if required, then reaching the safe side from the pass by early afternoon everybody should be off the snow. Once in the safe ground away from the snow and ice area, an hour or more walks will take you to the ablation valley by the side of the Imja Glacier. Now being within the Imja Valley walking will be more or less easy. Finally, the trail will lead you to Chhukung (4,730 m/15,518 ft).
Begin your trek in Chhukung Village descending into the valley on a well-marked trail, surrounded by stunning mountain views and terraced fields. After a couple of hours, you’ll reach Dingboche (4,410 m/14,469 ft), where you’ll connect with the main Everest Base Camp trail. Continue towards Pangboche (3,930 m/12,894 ft), trekking through rhododendron forests and enjoying glimpses of the Imja Khola. Then you’ll reach Shomare (4,010 m/13,156 ft) before navigating some rocky sections of the trail. Along the way, you’ll enjoy stunning views of distant mountains, enhancing the beauty of your trek. Upon arriving in Pangboche (3,930 m/12,894 ft), explore the famous Pangboche Monastery, one of the oldest in the region.
Leaving Pangboche, you’ll pass by Lower Pangboche, exiting through an open chorten. The trail descends beautifully, lined with ancient mani walls and chortens adorned with Boddha eyes, leading down to the Imja Khola. After crossing a new metal bridge, continue along wide yak trails through the hamlet of Deboche (3,820 m/12,533 ft), where you can explore the moss-covered mani stones and the Deboche Gumba. Shortly after, ascend a steep, switchbacking trail through a dense rhododendron forest to reach Tengboche (3,860 m/12,664 ft), home to the renowned Tengboche Gumba, the largest monastery in the Everest region. Take time to explore this important monastery, which has been rebuilt several times after earthquakes and fires. After visiting Tengboche, begin your descent to Phungi Thanga (3,250 m/10,663 ft), crossing the Dudh Koshi on a new bridge. The trek then leads steeply back up through pine forests and local settlements at Kyangjuma (3,550 m/11,647 ft). From there, it’s an easy one and half hour trek around the hillside to reach Namche Bazaar (3,440 m/11,286 ft), where you can relax, indulge in hot showers, and enjoy a delicious meal with a glass of wine or cold beer.
Today is the last day trek of Barun Tse expedition. Being on the main trail to Everest, the walk from Namche onwards will be easier all the way to Lukla, the path leads downhill to the confluence of Bhote Koshi and Imjatse which makes the Dudh Koshi. From here you cross the long suspension bridge with a short climb into the pine woods, reaching again back to the riverbed. The gentle trail follows the river downstream passing through many farm fields and villages then coming at the entrance of Sagarmatha National Park in Monjo village (2,835 m/9,301 ft). After Monjo, another 2 hours of good walk leads to Phakding (2,610 m/8,563 ft) near the river Dudh Koshi. Final leg of this great Barun Tse expedition will be another good walk to Lukla. You can walk at your own leisurely pace, enjoying the lush green scenery around. Apart from few short uphill, the only long climb will be just before Lukla which will take approximately 45 minutes from a place called Chheplung (2,660 m/8,727 ft) or from the old big oak tree. On reaching Lukla (2,840 m/9,318 ft), prepare for the last day great dinner and celebration with the fellow Sherpa crew, porters and trekking members.
As your trek has concluded, you pack up early and head for the airstrip to hop a flight back to Ramechhap (494 m/1,620 ft). And you will be transferred to Kathmandu (1,340 m/4,396 ft) by the private vehicle. The rest of your day is free to do your own things. You could do some last-minute shopping and packing, or even go down for a stroll in Thamel, an internationally known hub for tourists in Asia.
This is a contingency day in case of Lukla flight delays. If you have free time, you can let go the strains of your trekking in the Himalaya. You can explore around the Heritage sites in the city, stroll down the streets of Thamel for local cultural experience, visit nearby monasteries, relax at a nearby spa centers or do some souvenir haunting in the local bazar.
Our support team will take you to the airport for your flight back home. (Or stay longer for short tours such as jungle tours at National Parks, do some wild-water rafting, a Tibet tour or even mountain biking, etc.). Please ask us.
Makalu is a beautiful region in the eastern Himalayan region of Nepal which offers a combination of rich cultural heritage, unsurpassed beauty and biological diversity. The place lies at the base of Mt Makalu in Sankhuwasabha district of Nepal. The region has world’s 5th highest mountain and world’s only protected area with an elevation gain of more than 8000m. The region has high waterfalls cascading into deep gorges, craggy rocks rise from lush green forests, and colorful flowers bloom beneath white snow peaks. This unique landscape shelters some of the last pristine mountain ecosystems on earth. Rare species of animals and plants flourish in the region’s diverse climates and habitats, relatively undisturbed by humankind.
Makalu Barun National Park was established in 1992. Spanning 1,500 square kilometers for the park, Makalu-Barun National Park is unique for its elevation range of 8,000 meters, making it the only protected area on earth with such a dramatic altitude change. From tropical forests along the Arun River to the icy summits of the Himalayas, the park’s skyline is dominated by rugged Himalayan peaks, including Mt. Makalu (8463 m / 27766 ft), the fifth highest mountain in the world and the fourth highest in Nepal. Other notable peaks in the area include Mt. Chamlang (7319 m / 24012 ft), Mt. Baruntse (7129 m / 23389 ft), and Mera Peak (6470 m / 21227 ft). The headquarters of Makalu-Barun National Park is located in Seduwa.
The Makalu-Barun area is part of the eastern Himalayan climatic zone, where the monsoon season begins early (around June) and lasts longer compared to western Nepal, extending into late September. This region experiences a monsoon climate, with over 70% of its precipitation occurring between June and September. Pre-monsoon rains are common in April and May, playing a crucial role in the productivity of local biomes. Due to the significant variations in altitude, slope, and aspect, there are no reliable records that fully represent the area’s climate, and temperature and precipitation can vary greatly. Vegetation ranges from sub-tropical forests to sub-alpine and alpine types as the altitude increases. The area is rich in plant diversity, with 47 species of orchids, 87 species of medicinal herbs, 25 of the 30 rhododendron varieties found in Nepal, 48 species of primroses, and 86 species of fodder trees. Additionally, it is home to 56 rare plant species. The Makalu-Barun area is home to several endangered and notable species, including the red panda and snow leopard. Other wildlife includes the Himalayan black bear, clouded leopard, ghoral, Himalayan tahr, wild boar, barking deer, Himalayan marmot, weasel, langur monkey, and serow. The Arun River hosts 84 fish species, including salmon. The region boasts 400 bird species, such as the wren babbler and olive ground warbler.
The Makalu-Barun area is part of the eastern Himalayan climatic zone, where the monsoon season begins early (around June) and lasts longer compared to western Nepal, extending into late September. This region experiences a monsoon climate, with over 70% of its precipitation occurring between June and September. Pre-monsoon rains are common in April and May, playing a crucial role in the productivity of local biomes. Due to the significant variations in altitude, slope, and aspect, there are no reliable records that fully represent the area’s climate, and temperature and precipitation can vary greatly. Vegetation ranges from sub-tropical forests to sub-alpine and alpine types as the altitude increases. The area is rich in plant diversity, with 47 species of orchids, 87 species of medicinal herbs, 25 of the 30 rhododendron varieties found in Nepal, 48 species of primroses, and 86 species of fodder trees. Additionally, it is home to 56 rare plant species. The Makalu-Barun area is home to several endangered and notable species, including the red panda and snow leopard. Other wildlife includes the Himalayan black bear, clouded leopard, ghoral, Himalayan tahr, wild boar, barking deer, Himalayan marmot, weasel, langur monkey, and serow. The Arun River hosts 84 fish species, including salmon. The region boasts 400 bird species, such as the wren babbler and olive ground warbler.
Sagarmatha National Park is the highest national park in the world. It was formally opened to public in July 19, 1976. The park covers an area of 1,148 sq km. It rises from its lowest point of 2845 m (9335 ft) at Jorsale to 8848.86 m (29031.69 ft) up to the summit of Everest. The park’s area is very rugged and steep, with its terrain cut by deep rivers and glaciers. It includes three peaks higher than 8000 m – Mt. Everest (8848.86 m/29031.69 ft), Lhotse (8516 m/27940 ft) and Cho Oyu (8201 m/26906 ft). In 1979 the park was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The park’s visitor centre is located at a hill in Namche Bazar, the fabled town of Everest trekking. The park’s southern entrance is a few hundred metres north of Monjo at 2835 m/9301 ft. Sagarmatha Pollution Control Committee (SPCC), funded by the World Wildlife Fund and the Himalayan Trust, was established in 1991 to help preserve Everest’s environment. More than 118 species of birds such as the Impeyan pheasant and snow cock and more than twenty species of butterflies have made this park their home. Musk deer, wild yak, red panda, snow leopard, Himalayan black bear, Himalayan thars, deer, langur monkeys, hares, mountain foxes, martens, and Himalayan wolves are found in the park.
The climate you experience during the Everest Base Camp Trek can be divided into four climate zones owing to the gradual rise in altitude. The climatic zones include a forested lower zone, a zone of alpine scrub, the upper alpine zone which includes upper limit of vegetation growth, and the Arctic zone where no plants can grow. The types of plants and animals that are found depend on the altitude. In the lower forested zone, birch, juniper, blue pines, firs, bamboo and rhododendron are found. All vegetation that is found above this zone is shrubs. As the altitude increases, plant life is restricted to lichens and mosses. At an elevation of 5,750m begins the permanent snow line in the Himalayas. From this point there is no sign of greenery or vegetation. A common animal sighted in the higher reaches is the hairy animal yak. Dzokyo (Jopkyo) a sterile male crossbreed between a yak and a cow is used to transport goods along the trail. Red panda, snow leopard, musk deer, wild yak, and Himalayan black bear are some of the exotic animals that are found in this region. A variety of birds can be sighted in the lower regions.
Mt. Everest (Sagarmatha)
Rising to the height of 8,848.86 m (29,031.69 ft), the world’s highest mountain that was named in 1865 after Sir George Everest. The mountain got its Nepali name Sagarmatha during 1960s, when the Government of Nepal gave the mountain the official Nepali name. In Sanskrit Sagarmatha means “Head of the Sky”. The Tibetan name for Mount Everest is Chomolungma or Qomolangma, which means “Goddess Mother of the Snows”. Climbers wishing to scale the peak have to obtain an expensive permit from the Nepal Government. More information on royalty can be found at https://www.tourismdepartment.gov.np/mountaineering-royalty. Everest Base Camp, which serves as a resting area and base of operations for climbers organizing their attempts for the summit, is located at the Khumbu glacier at an elevation of 5,364 m (17,598 ft). It receives an average of 450 mm (18 in) of precipitation a year. The climate of Mount Everest is extreme. In July, the warmest month, the average summit temperature is -19 °C (-2 °F).
Lhotse
Lhotse (8,516 m/27,940 ft) is the fourth highest mountain in the world. It lies south of Mt. Everest. Two Swiss climbers F. Luchsinger and E. Reiss first climbed it in 1956 from the West face. Czech expedition led by Ivan Galfy scaled it via the South face in 1984. An impressive ring of three peaks makes up the Lhotse massif: Lhotse East or Middle, Lhotse and Lhotse Shar. The South Face of Lhotse is one of the largest mountain faces in the world.
Makalu
Mount Makalu (8,463 m/27,766 ft), the fifth highest peak in the world, is situated in the Mahalangur range of the Himalayas, southeast of Mount Everest, on the border between Nepal and Tibet. Makalu is just 19 kilometers from Mount Everest. This isolated peak is renowned for its striking pyramid shape, formed by sharp ridges on all four sides. The peak has two notable subsidiary summits, Makalu I and Makalu II, located 3 kilometers north-northwest of the main summit. Among the world’s 8000-meter peaks, Mount Makalu is known for being one of the most challenging, requiring significant strength, experience, and mountaineering skills. The peak’s steep pitches and sharp ridges pose considerable risks. Successful climbing demands thorough acclimatization and high levels of expertise. Due to its technical nature, four higher camps are established above the base camp during the Makalu expedition, with fixed ropes provided by guides and climbing Sherpas to aid in a safe ascent. The route to Mount Makalu traverses the remote and stunningly beautiful Makalu Barun Valley. This area offers a glimpse into pristine and rare mountain ecosystems, with dramatic waterfalls cascading into deep gorges, rocky outcrops emerging from dense forests, and vibrant, blooming vegetation. The journey to Makalu combines adventure with peace and tranquility, providing a stark contrast to everyday life’s chaos. The first successful ascent of this captivating peak occurred on May 15, 1955, by Jean Couzy and Lionel Terray of the French Expedition. They reached the summit via the saddle between Makalu and Kang Chun Tse (a subsidiary peak), using the Northeast Ridge route, which remains the standard path for climbers. However, climbers also use the Southeast Ridge and the South and West Pillars.
Cho Oyu
Cho Oyu (8,201 m/26,906 ft) the sixth highest mountain in the world, has gained popularity among climbers just recently. The mountain sits on both sides of the border of Nepal and Tibet, about 30 km. west of Mount Everest. Cho Oyu in Tibetan means “the turquoise goddess.” The south face of Cho Oyu, facing Nepal, is quite steep and difficult, and is rarely climbed. The north side, accessed from Tibet, is more moderate, and there is a relatively safe route to the summit. In the autumn of 1954, an Austrian team made the first ascent via this route.
Nuptse
Nuptse (7,855 m/25,771 ft) lies southwest of Mt. Everest. It is situated in the Khumbu Himal. From the Tengboche Monastery, one of the iconic monasteries in Everest trek, Nuptse appears as a massive wall guarding the approach to Everest. The name Nup-tse in Tibetan means west peak. The main ridge, which is separated from Lhotse by a 7,556 m (24,790 ft) high saddle, is crowned by seven peaks and goes west-northwest until its steep west-face drops down more than 2300 m to the Khumbu-glacier. Nuptse was first climbed on May 16, 1961, by Dennis Davis and Tashi Sherpa via the North Ridge during a British expedition led by Joe Walmsley.Chamlang
Chamlang (7,319 m/24,012 ft) stands proudly in the Makalu region, located in the Hongu Valley to the southwest of Mount Makalu. This striking peak is renowned for its steep ascent, which demands both strong physical conditioning and advanced technical climbing skills. From Chamlang, climbers are rewarded with stunning panoramic views that include five of the world’s 8,000-meter peaks, along with numerous other smaller summits. Among the peaks visible are Everest, Kanchenjunga, Makalu, Cho Oyu, and Lhotse. Other notable mountains visible from Chamlang include Ama Dablam, Barun Tse, Pumori, Kangtega, and Nuptse. The first successful ascent of Chamlang occurred on May 31, 1962, by climbers So Anma and Pasang Phutar Sherpa (I).
Pumori
Pumori (7,161 m/23,494 ft) is just 8 km away from the world’s highest peak Mt. Everest. The magnificent view of the peak dominates the trail as you near Everest Base Camp. The ascent to this peak is described as a classic climb in the 7,000 m (22,966 ft) peak category. In Tibetan, ‘Pumo’ means girl and ‘Ri’, mountain. George Mallory, the famous English climber who lost his life trying to ascend Everest in 1924, named the peak. The German climber Gerhard Lenser was the first to reach the summit of Pumori in May 17, 1962. Pumori is a popular climbing peak.
Barun Tse
Barun Tse (7129 m / 23389 ft) is an impressive mountain located in the Mahalangur Ridge of eastern Nepal’s Khumbu region. This peak, surrounded by four prominent summits, is bordered by the Hunku Glacier to the south, the Barun Glacier to the east, and the Imja Glacier to the northwest. Positioned just south of the semicircle formed by Everest, Lhotse, and Nuptse, and facing Makalu, Barun Tse stands as a striking feature of the Himalayan landscape. The journey to Barun Tse begins in the pristine Hinku Valley and progresses through the remote valleys of Makalu Barun. Climbers typically approach from the south, often acclimatizing by climbing Mera Peak before advancing to Barun Tse Base Camp. The southeast ridge presents a challenging climb, with steep 50-degree sections and a prominent ice cliff that pose significant risks, including avalanches. Base Camp is situated near Panchpokhari at 5200 meters (17060 feet). The first successful ascent of Barun Tse was achieved on May 29, 1954, by climbers Colin Todd and Geoff Harrow.
Ama Dablam
Ama Dablam (6,814 m/22,356 ft) which means ‘mother’s necklace’, in Sherpa language is considered to be one of the most beautiful mountains in the world. It looks like a woman with outstretched arms or a woman wearing a long necklace. The mountain dominates the whole Everest Base Camp trek. Ama Dablam lies alongside Everest in the heart of the Khumbu Valley. Mt Lhotse, Mt. Makalu, Mt. Cho Oyu and Mt. Everest can be seen at close quarters from Ama Dablam. Ama Dablam is considered to be a technical mountain to climb. Due to its towering ridges and steep faces, Ama Dablam is often called the “Matterhorn of the Himalayas.” Ama Dablam was first summited on March 13, 1961, by Mike Gill (New Zealand), Barry Bishop (USA), Mike Ward (UK), and Wally Romanes (New Zealand), who reached the peak via the Southwest Ridge.
Mera
Mera Peak, considered as the tallest trekking peak lies in the Mahalangur section of the Himalayas. It’s located in the remote Hinku Valley, south of Mt. Everest, and features three main summits: Mera North (6,470 m/21,227 ft), Mera Central (6,461 m/21,198 ft), and Mera South (6,064 m/19,895 ft). Explored extensively by British climbers like Edmund Hillary, Eric Shipton, George Lowe, and Tenzing Norgay, Mera Peak was first successfully climbed in 1975 by Marcel Jolly, G. Baus, and L. Honills. Mera Central, however, was reached earlier, in May 1953, by Col. Jimmy Roberts and Sen Tenzing Sherpa. The easiest route to the summit is from the North and involves walking across high-altitude glaciers. While other routes, such as the West and South ridges, are more challenging and require advanced climbing skills, the North route is considered more straightforward and accessible for experienced trekkers. The summit provides breathtaking views of Mt. Everest, Mt. Makalu, Mt. Lhotse, Mt. Cho Oyu, Mt. Kanchenjunga, and other snow-capped peaks in the Khumbu region. Despite the challenge, the reward of reaching the top is truly remarkable. The standard route includes crossing the Zwatra La Pass at 4160 meters (13648 feet), where you can experience the local Sherpa culture and lifestyle. You’ll also be captivated by the diverse ecosystems, unique landscapes, and the peaceful remoteness of the Hinku Valley.
Imja Tse (Island Peak)
Imja Tse (6,165 m/20,226 ft) also known as Island Peak is another notable peak in Khumbu region. The peak was named Island Peak in 1953 by members of the British Mount Everest expedition because it appears as an island in a sea of ice when viewed from Dingboche. In 1983, the peak was officially renamed Imja Tse, but Island Peak remains the more popular name. It is actually an extension of the ridge descending from the southern end of Lhotse Shar (8,400 m/27,559 ft). The main land forms a semicircle of cliffs that rise to the north of the summits of Nuptse, Lhotse, Middle Peak and Lhotse Shar. Cho Oyu and Makalu lie to the east of the Island Peak. Baruntse, Amphu and Ama Dablam lie to the south. A British group as preparation for climbing Mt. Everest first climbed the peak in 1953.
Lobuje
Lobuje (also spelled Lobuche) is a known as Lhauche among the locals. Lobuche, is a mountain in Nepal located near the Khumbu Glacier and the settlement of Lobuche. It has two main peaks: Lobuche East (6,090 m/19,980 ft) and Lobuche West (6,135 m/20,128 ft). Lobuche East is classified as a “trekking peak” and Lobuche West as an “expedition peak.” As the easier of the two, Lobuche East is climbed more frequently. A long, deeply notched ridge separates the two peaks, and the challenging terrain makes it impossible to approach Lobuche West from the East peak. The first recorded ascent of Lobuche East was made by Laurence Nielson and Ang Gyalzen Sherpa on April 25, 1984, while Lobuche West was first climbed in 1955 via the South Shoulder.
Lukla
Lukla, a popular town in Khumbu, boasts of the region’s sole commercial airport. Lying at a height of 2,840 m (9,318 ft), the town is known as the gateway of Everest treks as most trekkers usually begin and end their Everest adventure in Lukla. The airport was built in 1964 by Sir Edmund Hillary as part of his project in Khumbu region during the early 60s to transport the supplies for the Himalayan Trust projects in the Khumbu region. Today, somewhere between 90-95% of the foreign nationals who reach Lukla, arrive by a half hour flight from Kathmandu.
Namche Bazar
Namche Bazar is known as the Sherpa capital. It is a famous center for everyone doing Everest trekking. Namche is actually a town lying at the junction of the Dudh Koshi and a valley that leads to the frontier pass of Nangpa La. It is tucked away in a niche at a height of 3,440 m (11,286 ft). W. H. Tilman and C. Houston were the first westerners to enter it in 1950 and many more have come since then. Facilities like a bank, a post office, hotels and shops where one can purchase climbing equipment as well as canned food have sprung up over the years. Namche Bazar is the major regional trading center. Its Saturday market or Haat is the place where most of the trading takes place. The headquarters of the Sagarmatha National Park is located in Namche Bazar.
Tengboche
Tengboche (3,860m/12,664 ft) is famous for Tengboche Gumba (monastery). It is one of the most important centers of Buddhism in the region. The gumba is the largest one you see during your Everest Base Camp trek. It was first built in 1923. Destroyed by a fire in 1989, it was rebuilt later on partly with foreign aid. From Tengboche, one gets a panoramic view of Kwangde, Tawoche, Everest, Nuptse, Lhotse, Amadablam, Khangtega, and Thamserku.
Pangboche
Buddhism is believed to have been introduced in the Khumbu region towards the end of the 17th century by Lama Sange Dorjee. According to the legend, he flew over the Himalayas and landed on a rock at Pangboche and Tengboche, leaving his footprints embedded on the stone. He is believed to have been responsible for the founding of the first gumbas in the Khumbu region, at Pangboche and Thame. Pangboche (3,930 m/12,894 ft) is the highest year-round settlement in the valley. The Imja Khola, coming from the right, joins the Dudh Koshi River a little above the village. The gumba (monastery) in Pangboche is consideredto be one of the oldest in the Khumbu region.
Khumjung
Khumjung (3,780 m/12,402 ft), a village lying west of Tengboche, is famous for the gumba where the skull of a supposed Yeti, the Abominable Snowman, is preserved under the supervision of the head Lama. The skull seems more like the outer skin of Himalayan Brown Bear, and this is proved by the report of a scientific exploratory expedition conducted by Sir Edmund Hillary, a copy of which is kept in the gumba.
Sherpas live in the upper regions of Solu Khumbu, the area that largely fall in Everest trekking trail. They emigrated from Tibet about 600 years ago. In the past they were traders and porters, carrying butter, meat, rice, sugar, and dye from India; and wool, jewelry, salt, Chinese silk and porcelain from Tibet and beyond. The closure of the border between India and China undermined their economy. Fortunately, with the mountaineering expeditions and trekkers, the Sherpa’s found their load carrying skills, both on normal treks and high altitudes in great demand. Now, these able bodied, hardy and fearless Sherpa are world class climbers known for their amazing climbing prowess. They are such an inseparable part of mountaineering and trekking in Nepal that any climbers and trekkers can rarely imagine doing a Himalayan adventure without their support.
At the lower elevations lives the Kiranti Rai. The villages of Jubing, Kharikhola, Okhaldhunga, are inhabited by the Rais. Of mongoloid stock, they speak their own dialect. Reference of their fighting spirit is made in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. The people from this group have supplied recruits to Gurkha regiments both in the British as well as Indian armies. The Rais follow a religion that is partly animistic with some Hindu influence. They revere their ancestors by observing Kul or Pitri puja every year. The Jirels live in the area around Jiri. They are mongoloid and follow Buddhism.
Buddha Jayanti
Buddha Jayanti is a major festival in Nepal and several other Buddhist regions, commemorating the birth, enlightenment, and death of Siddhartha Gautama, who became the Buddha. Celebrated on the full moon day of the month of Vaisakha, which usually falls in April or May, Buddha Jayanti is a significant occasion for Buddhists around the world. The festival begins with the early morning ritual of visiting temples, where devotees light lamps, offer flowers, and recite prayers to honor the Buddha. Temples are adorned with colorful flags and decorations, creating a serene and festive atmosphere. Devotees engage in various acts of merit, including giving alms to monks, participating in meditation sessions, and listening to sermons about the Buddha’s teachings. The day is a time for reflection on the Buddha’s teachings of compassion, mindfulness, and the path to enlightenment. Buddha Jayanti is a day of reverence and celebration, where followers of Buddhism come together to honor the life and teachings of the Buddha, renewing their commitment to his path of spiritual awakening.
Lhosar
Lhosar is a significant New Year celebration observed by various ethnic groups in Nepal, including the Tamang, Sherpa, and Gurung communities. The festival marks the beginning of the New Year according to the lunar calendar, typically falling in late December or early January, with variations depending on the specific community. The celebration of Lhosar is marked by vibrant and joyful festivities. Families gather to enjoy elaborate meals featuring traditional dishes such as momo (dumplings), sel roti (rice doughnuts), and thukpa (noodle soup). The festival is also characterized by cultural performances, where participants dress in colorful traditional costumes and engage in lively dances and music. Religious and ritual activities are central to Lhosar, with many people visiting temples and monasteries to make offerings and seek blessings for the New Year. Community events, including processions and fairs, bring people together to celebrate and partake in communal activities. Homes and public spaces are decorated with traditional symbols, and people exchange greetings and well-wishes, adding to the festive atmosphere.
Dumje
Dumje is celebrated to mark the birthday of Guru Rimpoche (Padmasambhava). The celebration takes place in June and lasts for six days. It is celebrated in a grand way in the villages of Namche, Thame and Khumjung, all important stopovers during Everest trekking.
Mani Rimdu
Mani Rimdu is a prominent and vibrant Tibetan Buddhist festival celebrated primarily by the Sherpa community. The festival, which usually occurs in October or November, spans over several days and is deeply rooted in Tibetan Buddhism, commemorating the life of Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambhava) and his triumph over demons. The festival’s celebrations are rich with traditional rituals and cultural performances. Mani Rimdu begins with the construction of sacred sand mandalas, which symbolize the universe and are used in ritual offerings. This is followed by a series of religious ceremonies, including prayers and blessings led by monks. One of the highlights of the festival is the performance of traditional masked dances, known as Chham. These dances depict various deities, spirits, and historical events, and are performed by monks wearing intricate costumes and masks. The dances are not only a form of entertainment but also serve to drive away evil spirits and bring blessings to the community. In addition to the spiritual aspects, Mani Rimdu involves communal feasting and gatherings. Participants enjoy traditional foods and engage in social activities, fostering a strong sense of community and cultural heritage. The festival also includes ritual offerings and prayers for peace, prosperity, and protection for the coming year. Mani Rimdu is a time of profound religious significance and communal celebration, reflecting the rich cultural traditions of the Tibetan and Sherpa communities.
Sakela (Chandi Dance)
Sakela (Chandi Dance) is a harvest festival celebrated by the Rai community. The harvest ceremony involves the worship of mother earth, called ‘Bhumi-Puja’. The festival is celebrated twice a year, once in spring before planting begins and once during autumn before harvesting. Ubhauli is celebrated during the spring season on Baishakh Purnima (full moon). In the autumn season on Mangsir Purnima, Udhauli is celebrated. The spring worship is done to propitiate mother earth for a good harvest and the rain god to bless the earth with enough rain. The festival is celebrated with more fervor in the remote hills. The Rai villagers celebrate it with priests (dhami) who perform rituals to worship their ancestors. The elders of the community begin the dance with a puja. Later on everybody participate in the dance forming a circle by holding each other’s hands. With drumbeats, they begin dancing at a slow pace but moves faster later with the drumbeats. The dance steps and hand gestures imitate the sowing and harvesting of crops. The festival also provides an opportunity for the Rai people to socialize.
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